Diplomacy and Espionage

Diplomacy is closely linked to espionage or gathering of intelligence. Embassies are bases for both, diplomats and spies, and some diplomats are essentially openly-acknowledged spies. For instance, the job of military attachés includes learning as much as possible about the military of the nation to which they are assigned. They do not try to hide this role and, as such, are only invited to events, allowed by their hosts, such as military parades or air shows. There are also deep-cover spies, operating in many embassies. These individuals are given fake positions at the embassy, but their main task is to illegally gather intelligence, usually by coordinating spy rings of locals or other spies. For the most part, spies operating out of embassies gather little intelligence themselves and their identities tend to
be known by the opposition. If discovered, these diplomats can
be expelled from an embassy, but for the most part counter-intelligence agencies prefer to keep these agents in situ and under close monitoring.

The information, gathered by spies plays an increasingly important role in diplomacy. Arms-control treaties would be impossible without the power of reconnaissance satellites and agents to monitor compliance. Information gleaned from espionage is useful in almost all forms of diplomacy, everything from trade agreements to border disputes.

 

Vocabulary

conduct – поддержание

intercession – промежуточная встреча

endorsement – подтверждение, одобрение

rank – ранг

assign – назначать

split the difference – идти на компромисс

appeal (to) – взывать (к)

incentive – стимул, побуждение

gain – выгода, выигрыш

hostility – враждебность

agreed-upon – согласованный

sanctity – неприкосновенность

immunity – неприкосновенность

breach – нарушение

wreak vengeance – отомстить

violate – нарушать

persecute – преследовать, подвергать гонениям

prosecute – преследовать судебным порядком

host country – страна пребывания

sacrosanct – неприкосновенный

intelligence – информация, сведения (секретные)

discard – отказываться, отменять

withdraw – выводить, вывозить

recall – зд.: отзывать

misbehave – недостойно вести себя

enforcement – принуждение

high-ranking – высокопоставленный

fake – поддельный, фальшивый

identity – личность

expel – изгонять, высылать

counter-intelligence – контрразведка

in situ – на своем месте

reconnaissance satellite – спутник-разведчик

compliance – соответствие

glean – тщательно собирать

border disputes – приграничные споры

 

Задания

1. Найдите в тексте соответствия для следующих слов и словосочетаний:

высокопоставленные лица, миротворчество, вести переговоры, шпион под прикрытием, идти на компромисс, поддержание международных отношений, соответствие, принуждение, отзы-вать, страна пребывания, информация/данные (2 выражения), в конкретной стране, недостойно вести себя, неприкосновенность
(3 слова), согласованные правила, враждебность, нарушить закон, контрразведка, верительные грамоты, спутник-разведчик, способ выразить недовольство, отозвать по причине личной безопасности, совершить преступление, договор о контроле вооружения, зани-маться дипломатической деятельностью, тесно связано со шпиона-жем, при обнаружении шпионов высылают из страны, защищать дипломатов от преследования, тщательно собранная (секретная) информация.

2. Выполните лингво-переводческий анализ текста.

3. Выявите систему языковых средств, оформляющих энцикло-педический текст.

4. Определите, есть ли в тексте:

- термины,

- клише,

- прецизионная лексика.

5. Выполните письменный перевод текста на русский язык, соблюдая специфику данного жанра.

 

Т е к с т 3. Дипломатия

(2.000)

Дипломатия – средство осуществления внешней политики государств, представляющее собой совокупность практических мероприятий, приёмов и методов, применяемых с учётом конкретных условий и характера решаемых задач; официальная деятельность глав государств и правительств, специальных орга-нов внешних сношений по осуществлению целей и задач внешней политики государств, а также по защите интересов этих государств.

С понятием диплома́тия связывают искусство ведения пере-говоров для предотвращения или урегулирования конфликтов, поисков компромиссов и взаимоприемлемых решений, расши-рения и углубления международного сотрудничества.

Возникновение термина

Слово «дипломатия» происходит от греческого слова díplōma (в Древней Греции этим словом назывались сдвоенные дощечки с нанесёнными на них письменами, выдававшиеся посланцам в качестве верительных грамот и документов, подтверждавших их полномочия). Как обозначение государственной деятельности в области внешних сношений слово «дипломатия» вошло в обиход в Западной Европе в конце XVIII века.

Методы дипломатии:

· официальные и иные визиты и переговоры на высшем (саммиты) и высоком уровне;

· дипломатические конгрессы, конференции, совещания и встречи;

· подготовка и заключение двусторонних и многосторонних международных договоров и иных дипломатических документов;

· участие в работе международных организаций и их органов;

· повседневное представительство государства за границей, осуществляемое его посольствами и миссиями;

· дипломатическая переписка;

· публикация дипломатических документов;

· освещение в печати позиции правительства по тем или иным международным вопросам.

Международное право запрещает вмешательство дипломати-ческих представителей во внутренние дела страны пребывания.

Органы и ответственные лица, несущие дипломатичес-
кую службу, пользуются в стране пребывания общепризнанны-
ми правами и дипломатическими привилегиями (иммунитет и неприкосновенность дипломатического персонала и помеще-
ний, право шифрованной переписки и дипломатической закры-
той связи, право подъёма флага государства, таможенные приви-легии и др.).

Vocabulary

предотвращение – preventing

урегулирование конфликтов – conflict resolution

поиск – search (for)

взаимоприемлемый – mutually acceptable

происходить – stem (from)

верительные грамоты – credentials

полномочия – authorities

войти в обиход – come into practice

многосторонний – multilateral

страна пребывания – host country

шифрованный – encoded

 

Задания

1. Выявите систему языковых средств, оформляющих данный энциклопедический текст.

2. Определите, есть ли в тексте:

4. термины,

5. клише,

6. прецизионная лексика.

3. Выполните письменный перевод текста на английский язык, соблюдая специфику данного жанра и ориентируясь на текст 2, который очень близок по содержанию.

 

Т е к с т 4. Perfume

 

(8.000)

 

Perfume is a mixture of fragrant essential oils and aroma compounds, fixatives, and solvents used to give the human body, objects, and living spaces a pleasant smell.

Describing a perfume.The precise formulas of commercial perfumes are kept secret. Even if they were widely published, they would be dominated by such complex chemical procedures and ingredients that they would be of little use in providing a useful description of the experience of a scent. Nonetheless, connoisseurs of perfume can become extremely skillful at identifying components and origins of scents in the same manner as wine experts

The most practical way to start describing a perfume is according to its concentration level, the family it belongs to, and the notes of the scent, which all affect the overall impression of a perfume from first application to the last lingering hint of scent

Concentration levels. Perfume oil is necessarily diluted with a solvent because undiluted oils (natural or synthetic) contain high concentrations of volatile components that will likely result in allergic reactions and possibly injury when applied directly to skin or clothing. By far the most common solvent for perfume oil dilution is ethanol or a mixture of ethanol and water. Perfume oil can also be diluted by means of neutral-smelling lipids such as jojoba, fractionated coconut oil or wax. The concentration by percent/volume of perfume oil is as follows:

· Perfume extract (Extrait): 20-40% (typical ~ 25%) aromatic compounds

· Eau de Parfum (EdP): 10-30% (typical ~15%) aromatic compounds

· Eau de Toilette (EdT):  5-20% (typical ~10%) aromatic compounds

· Eau de Cologne (EdC):  2-5% aromatic compounds

As the percentage of aromatic compounds increases, so does the intensity and longevity of the scent created. Different perfumeries or perfume houses assign different amounts of oils to each of their perfumes. Therefore, although the oil concentration of a perfume in Eau de Parfum (EdP) dilution will necessarily be higher than the same perfume in Eau de Toilette (EdT) from within the same range, the actual amounts can vary between perfume houses. An EdT from one house may be stronger than an EdP from another.

Furthermore, some fragrances with the same product name but having a different concentration name may not only differ in their dilutions, but actually use different perfume oil mixtures altogether. For instance, in order to make the EdT version of a fragrance brighter and fresher than its EdP, the EdT oil may be "tweaked" to contain slightly more top notes or fewer base notes. In some cases, words such as "extrême", "intense" or "concentrée" appended to fragrance names might indicate completely different fragrances that relates only because of a similar perfume accord. An example of this would be Chanel‘s Pour Monsieur and Pour Monsieur Concentrée.

Eau de Cologne (EdC) was originally a specific fragrance of a citrus nature and weak in concentration made in Cologne, Germany. However, in recent decades the term has become generic for a weakly concentrated perfume of any kind.

TRADITIONAL. The traditional classification which emerged around 1900 comprised the following categories:

· Single Floral: Fragrances that are dominated by a scent from one particular flower; in French called a soliflore. (e.g. Serge Lutens' Sa Majeste La Rose, which is dominated by rose)

· Floral Bouquet: Containing the combination of several flowers in a scent.

· Ambery: A large fragrance class featuring the scents of vanilla and animal scents together with flowers and woods. Can be enhanced by camphorous oils and incense resins, which bring to mind Victorian era imagery of the Middle East and Far East.

· Woody: Fragrances that are dominated by woody scents, typically of sandalwood and cedar. Patchouli, with its camphoraceous smell, is commonly found in these perfumes.

· Leather: A family of fragrances which features the scents of honey, tobacco, wood and wood tars in its middle or base notes and a scent that alludes to leather.

· Chypre: Meaning Cyprus in French, this includes fragrances built on a similar accord consisting of bergamot, oakmoss, patchouli, and labdanum. This family of fragrances is named after a perfume by François Coty. A notable example is Mitsouko (meaning mystery in Japanese) by Guerlain.

· Fougère: Meaning Fern in French, built on a base of lavender, coumarin and oakmoss. Houbigant's Fougère Royale pioneered the use of this base. Many men's fragrances belong to this family of fragrances, which is characterized by its sharp herbaceous and woody scent.

MODERN. Since 1945, due to great advances in the technology of perfume creation (i.e., compound design and synthesis) as well as the natural development of styles and tastes; new categories have emerged to describe modern scents:

· Bright Floral: combining the traditional Single Floral & Floral Bouquet categories.

· Green: a lighter and more modern interpretation of the Chypre type.

· Oceanic/Ozone: the newest category in perfume history, appearing in 1991 with Christian Dior's Dune. A very clean, modern smell leading to many of the modern androgynous perfumes.

· Citrus or Fruity: An old fragrance family that until recently consisted mainly of "freshening" eau de colognes due to the low tenacity of citrus scents. Development of newer fragrance compounds has allowed for the creation of primarily citrus fragrances.

· Gourmand: scents with "edible" or "dessert"-like qualities. These often contain notes like vanilla and tonka bean, as well as synthetic components designed to resemble food flavors. An example is Thierry Mugler's Angel.

FRAGRANCE WHEEL. The Fragrance Wheel is a relatively new classification method that is widely used in retail and in the fragrance industry. The method was created in 1983 by Michael Edwards, a consultant in the perfume industry, who designed his own scheme of fragrance classification. The new scheme was created in order to simplify fragrance classification and naming scheme, as well as to show the relationships between each of the individual classes

The five standard families consist of Floral, Oriental, Woody, Fougère, and Fresh, with the former four families being more "classic" while the latter consisting of newer bright and clean smelling citrus and oceanic fragrances that have arrived due to improvements in fragrance technology. With the exception of the Fougère family, each of the families are in turn divided into three sub-groups and arranged around a wheel:

 

	FLORAL	ORIENTAL	WOODY	FRESH	FOUGERE
1	Floral	Soft Oriental	Wood	Citrus
2	Single Floral	Oriental	Mossy Wood	Green
3	Floral Oriental	Woody Oriental	Dry Woods	Water

 

The Fougère family is placed at the center of this wheel since they are a large family of scents that usually contain fragrance elements from each of the other four families; citrus from the fresh family, oak moss and woods from the woody family, coumarin and incense from the Oriental family, and lavender from the floral family.

In this classification scheme, Chanel No.5, which is traditionally classified as a "Floral Aldehyde" would be located under Soft Floral sub-group, and "Amber" scents would be placed within the Oriental group. As a class, Chypres is more difficult to place since they would be located under parts of the Oriental and Woody families. For instance, Guerlain Mitsouko, which is classically identified as a chypre will be placed under Mossy Woods, but Hermès Rouge, a chypre with more floral character, would be placed under Floral Oriental.

Composing perfumes. Perfume compositions are an important part of many industries ranging from the luxury goods sectors, food services industries, to manufacturers of various household chemicals. The purpose of using perfume or fragrance compositions in these industries is to affect customers through their sense of smell and entice them into purchasing the perfume or perfumed product. As such there is significant interest in producing a perfume formulation that people will find aesthetically pleasing.

 

Задания

1. Найдите русские эквиваленты для слов, выделенных в тексте жирным шрифтом.

2. Выполните лингво-переводческий анализ текста.

3. Выявите систему языковых средств, оформляющих энцикло-педический текст.

4. Определите, есть ли в тексте:

- термины,

- клише,

- прецизионная лексика.

5.Выполните письменный перевод текста на русский язык, соблюдая специфику данного жанра.

 

Т е к с т 5. Духи

 

(3.600)