Иностранные заимствования 5 страница

Personal Pronouns are used for `the person speaking`, the person spoken to` and `the person or thing spoken about`. There are thus three Persons:

Pronouns indicating the person speaking are said to be of the First Person. These are Ùðøü `I` (singular) and èÙð `we` (plural). (èÙð is oftern used for Ùðøü by authors and editors and colloquially). Pronouns indicating the person spoken to are said to be of the Second Person. These are Ãðõ `thou` (singular), ÃðôÙð `you` (plural) and ¡ðÑð `you` (honorific: always takes third person plural verbs). Ãðõ is used in addressing God, children and, occasionally, very intimate friends. It may also be used in anger or to express disrespect or in fondly addressing one`s mother, sister, younger brother etc. (but seldom father, uncle and grandfather). ÃðôÙð is used in addressing God, children and, occasionally, very intimate friends. It may also be used in a nger or to express disrespect or in fondly addressing one`s mother, sister, younger brother etc. (but seldom father, uncle and grandfather). ¡ðÑð is the polite and respectful form of address for all, both in the singular and the plural. (it is occasionally used also for a person `spoken about`.) See font face="AkrutiOffdevDynamic" size="5">The singular forms ãðè and Úðè are not used for a person unless he (or she) can also be addressed as Ãðõ when spoken to. ãð÷ and Úð÷ are the usual forms in both singular and plural. For things, however, the ``correct`` number is used. In polite speech, ¡ðÑð is almost invariably used instead of Úð÷ when the person spoken about is present (as``the gentleman here``)..Pronouns referring to the person or thing spoken about (other than the person speaking and the person spoken to) are said to be of the Third Person. These are ãðè and Úðè `he, she, it` (singular), and ãð÷ and Úð÷ `they and these` (plural).

(i) ãðè, Úðè, ãð÷ and Úð÷ are really Demonstrative Pronouns, used also as Personal. See:- Demonstrative Pronouns are used for `pointing out` a relatively remote or proximate person or thing. The Demonstrative Pronouns are:- ãðè, Úðè, ãð÷ and Úð÷ are Personal or Demonstrative, can be ascertained from only the situation or the context. When there is definite `pointing out`, they are Demonstrative. When there is more substitution of Nouns, they are Personal. In talk, Demonstrative pronouns are often accompanied with gesture `i.e.` `pointing out`.

ãðè and ãð÷ refer to the absent or relatively remote person (s) and thing (s); (``he, she, it-three,»«; Úðè and Úð÷ refer to the present or relatively proximate person (s) and thing (s)- (``he, she, it-here``, ``these-here)»«. The singular forms ãðè and Úðè are not used for a person unless he (or she) can also be addressed as Ãðõ when spoken to. ãð÷ and Úð÷ are the usual forms in both singular and plural. For things, however, the ``correct`` number is used. In polite speech, ¡ðÑð is almost invariably used instead of Úð÷ when the person spoken about is present (as``the gentleman here``). In writing, ¡ðÑð is sometimes used (as ``the gentleman``) for an author, scholar, leader etc. introduced or described to the readers. The usage, however, is somewhat archaic. Use of Úðè and ãðè Plural forms, though common, should be carefully avoided.

All the Pronouns (of whatever class) except Ùðøü, èÙð Ãðõ and ÃðôÙð and the Reflexive (109) are considered to be of the Third Person. See:- Thus, the present Indicative forms of the root µðâð are as follows:-with a Masculine subject:-

singular plural

First Person Ùðøü µðâðÃðð èõü `I move`, èÙð µðâðÃð÷ èø `we move`.
Second Person Ãðõ µðâðÃðð èøü `thou movest`, ÃðôÙð µðâðÃð÷ èð÷ `you move`.
Third Person ãðè µðâðÃðð èøü `he (or it) moves`, ãð÷ µðâðÃð÷ èøü `they move`.

With a Feminine subject:-

singular Plural

1st person Ùðøü µðâðÃðó èõû èÙð µðâðÃðó èøü
2nd " Ãðõ µðâðÃðó èøü ÃðôÙð µðâðÃðó èð÷
3rd " ãðè µðâðÃðó èøü ãð÷ µðâðÃðó èøü

Note (ii). Generally, ãðè and Úðè are pronounced as ãðð÷ and Úð÷.

Demonstrative Pronouns are used for `pointing out` a relatively remote or proximate person or thing. The Demonstrative Pronouns are:- ãðè, Úðè, ãð÷ and Úð÷ are Personal or Demonstrative, can be ascertained from only the situation or the context. When there is definite `pointing out`, they are Demonstrative. When there is more substitution of Nouns, they are Personal. In talk, Demonstrative pronouns are often accompanied with gesture `i.e.` `pointing out`. Reflexive Pronouns substitue and refer to a Noun or Pronoun which is, as a rule, the logical subject of the sentence.

Hindi has only three Reflexive Pronouns : ¡ðÑð, its oblique forms ¡ÑðÐðð and ¡ÑðÐð÷, and a compound of these two, ¡ÑðÐð÷-¡ðÑð; ¡ðÑðçð Ùð÷ðòÐðÐð±ð `each other` or `one another` (119-21). The latter is also, in its origin, a Reflexive Pronoun.

Of these, ¡ðÑð (occasionally followed by èó) [294 (a)] has an adjectival (intensifying) force and qualifies a Noun or Pronoun which it usually follows, and which, as a rule, is the logical subject of the sentence.

ÜðÙð ¡ðÑð (èó) ãðèðü ±ðÚðð Æðð `Ram himself had gone there`;

Ùðô»ð÷ ¡ðÑð èó ¸ððÐðð ÑðÀÿ÷±ðð `I shall have to go myself`;

ãð÷ ¡ðÑð (èó) ¡ð¦ü±ð÷ `they themselves will come`;

ÜðÙð ¡ðÑð Øðõ®ðð èø `Ram is himself hungry`;

£çðÐð÷ ¡ðÑð èó Úðè Ñðëð òâð®ðð èø `he himself has written this letter`.

(i) ¡ðÑð is frequently replaced by çãðÚðü (Sanskrit) or by ®ðôÇ (Persian): ÜðÙð çãðÚðü (èó) ãðèðü ±ðÚðð Æðð, ãðè çãðÚðü ¡ð¦±ðð, ÜðÙð ®ðôÇ Øðõ®ðð èø|

¡ðÑð (èó) occasionally qualufies Nouns or Pronouns which are not the logical subjects of the sentences:

£çð¨îð ¡ðÑð òÇãððâð òÐð¨îâð ±ðÚðð èø `he has himself become a bankrupt`;

Ðð÷Ãðð Ùð÷ü ¡ðÑð (èó) òèÙÙðÃð Ððèóü èø `the leader himself has no courage.`

The current tendency, however, is to replace ¡ðÑð in all such cases by çãðÚðü or ®ðôÇ òÇãððâðð òÐð¨îâð ±ðÚðð èø, Ðð÷Ãðð Ùð÷ü çãðÚðü (èó) òèÙÙðÃð Ððèóü èø|

Note also that ¡ðÑð, used as an Adjective, does not attach case-signs. (See:- The Reflexive ¡ðÑð as already stated [109 (b).] change to ¡ÑðÐð÷ before ¨îð÷, çð÷, Ùð÷ü and ÑðÜ: ¡ÑðÐð÷ ¨îð÷, ¡ÑðÐð÷ Ùð÷ü etc. Ðð÷ is not attached to the reflexive ¡ðÑð, but only the subject (Noun or Pronoun) to which ¡ðÑð refers. In such cases, ¡ðÑð itself remains unchanged.

ÜðÙð Ðð÷ ¡ðÑð (èó) Úðè ¨îðÙð ò¨îÚðð Ram himself did this work`
£çðÐð÷ ¡ðÑð Ùðô»ð÷ ×ðôâððÚðð `he himself sent for me`.

For denoting the various senses of ¨îð, ¡ðÑð changes to ¡ÑðÐðð, ¡ÑðÐðó, ¡ÑðÐð÷ [109 (d)]

The Plural forms are the same as those of the Singular.

¡ÑðÐð÷-¡ðÑð remains unchanged.

¡ðÑð èó can, however, be used also as an Adverb, when it means `of one`s own accord, spontaneously`. Thus, ÜðÙð ¡ðÑð èó ãðèðü ±ðÚðð can denote, if the context so demands, `Ram had gone there of his own accord`. cf. the adverbial use of ¡ÑðÐð÷-¡ðÑð, under (c) below. The Reflexive ¡ðÑð is, of course, to be differentiated from the personal ¡ðÑð which is nothing but a polite form of ÃðôÙð (or Úð÷ or ãð÷), while the Reflexive ¡ðÑð can refer to any `person`. The oblique form of ¡ðÑð is ¡ÑðÐð÷ meaning, oneself, with ¨îð÷, çð÷, Ùð÷ü or pr as required (but never with Ðð÷). See:- The Reflexive ¡ðÑð as already stated [109 (b).] change to ¡ÑðÐð÷ before ¨îð÷, çð÷, Ùð÷ü and ÑðÜ: ¡ÑðÐð÷ ¨îð÷, ¡ÑðÐð÷ Ùð÷ü etc. Ðð÷ is not attached to the reflexive ¡ðÑð, but only the subject (Noun or Pronoun) to which ¡ðÑð refers. In such cases, ¡ðÑð itself remains unchanged.

ÜðÙð Ðð÷ ¡ðÑð (èó) Úðè ¨îðÙð ò¨îÚðð Ram himself did this work`
£çðÐð÷ ¡ðÑð Ùðô»ð÷ ×ðôâððÚðð `he himself sent for me`.

For denoting the various senses of ¨îð, ¡ðÑð changes to ¡ÑðÐðð, ¡ÑðÐðó, ¡ÑðÐð÷ [109 (d)]

The Plural forms are the same as those of the Singular.

¡ÑðÐð÷-¡ðÑð remains unchanged.

¡ÑðÐð÷ refers to a Noun or a Pronoun which must be the logical subject of the sentence:

ÜðÙð Ðð÷ ¡ÑðÐð÷ ¨îð÷ ãðÐð Ùð÷ü ÑððÚðð `Ram found himself in the forest`;

¡ÑðÐð÷ Ùð÷ü ò¨îçðó ¨îð÷ Çð÷æð Ððèóü Çó®ðÃðð `nobody sees a fault in himself.`

¡ÑðÐð÷-¡ðÑð is used either as an emphatic (or unambiguous) form for the oblique ¡ÑðÐð÷ (see note below), or as an adverb maning `of one`s own accord, automatically, spontaneously`. Thus:-

çðóÃðð Ðð÷ ¡ÑðÐð÷ (¡ÑðÐð÷-¡ðÑð) ¨îð÷ Çð÷æð òÇÚðð `Sita blamed herself (her own self)»

ÙðøüÐð÷ ¡ÑðÐð÷ (¡ÑðÐð÷-¡ðÑð) çð÷ Ñðõ¶ð `I asked myself (my own self)».

But in ãðè ¡ÑðÐð÷-¡ðÑð µðâðð ±ðÚðð `he went away of his own accord`, ¡ÑðÐð÷-¡ðÑð is adverbial, and can be replaced by ¡ðÑð èó: ãðè ¡ðÑð èó µðâðð ±ðÚðð. see:- ¡ðÑð èó can, however, be used also as an Adverb, when it means `of one`s own accord, spontaneously`. Thus, ÜðÙð ¡ðÑð èó ãðèðü ±ðÚðð can denote, if the context so demands, `Ram had gone there of his own accord`. cf. the adverbial use of ¡ÑðÐð÷-¡ðÑð, under (c) below.

(d) ¡ÑðÐðð `belonging to oneself`, `one`s own`, is, in fact, an Adjective derived from ¡ðÑð, and is used (like the ¨îð forms: 101 Note) as such (with its modifications ¡ÑðÐðó and ¡ÑðÐð÷) provided the person it refers to is the logical subject of the sentence.

âðÀÿ¨îð ¡ÑðÐðó ò¨îÃðð×ð Ùððü±ðÃðð èø `the boy asks for his book`;

âðÀÿ¨÷î Ðð÷ ¡ÑðÐðó Ùððü çð÷ ¨îèð `the boy told his mother,»

Note: ¡ÑðÐð÷ and ¡ÑðÐð÷-¡ðÑð (except when adverbial) are used only in the oblique cases with ¨îð÷, çð÷, Ùð÷ü, and pr (but never with Ðð÷) . In ¡ÑðÐð÷-¡ðÑð, ¡ðÑð is really a Nown meaning `self` so that ¡ÑðÐð-¡ðÑð = one`s self. ¡ÑðÐð÷ is the shorter form of ¡ÑðÐð÷-¡ðÑð, with the Noun ¡ðÑð omitted, but implied, so that ¡ÑðÐð÷ = ¡ÑðÐð÷-¡ðÑð =one`s self = oneself.

110. A relative Pronoun is related to a Noun or a Pronoun occurring in the main sentence, the Relative itself occurring in a subordinate sentence and joining the two.

Hinid has only one Relative Pronoun, ¸ðð÷ `who, which, that, what.`

ãðè Ñð÷üòçðâð òÙðâð ±ðýá ¸ðð÷ ®ðð÷ ±ðýá Æðó `the pencil,which had been lost, has been found.`

The main sentence isãðè Ñð÷üòçðâð òÙðâð ±ðýá `the pencil has been found`; the subordinate sentence is `¸ðð÷ ®ðð÷ ±ðýá Æðó` `which had been lost, has been found.`

The main sentence is ãðè Ñð÷üòçðâð òÙðâð ±ðýá `the pencil has been found`; the subordinate sentence is `¸ðð÷ ®ðð÷ ±ðýá Æðó` `which had been lost`. ¸ðð÷ `which had been lost`. ¸ðð÷ which occurs in the latter is related to Ñð÷üòçðâð occurring in the main sentence, and joins the two sentences like a conjunction. See:-Conjunctions are words which join together or connect words, sentences, or Parts of a sentence (67): Mother and child came. (2) Is it good or bad? (3) I came, but you had gone. (4) you said that you would come. (5) The servant will wait until you come.

It is, however, not often that a conjunction connects two words, sentences, `mother came` and `child came` which have been contracted into one for the sake of economy. Similarly, `is it good or bad` is contracted from `isit good` and `is it bad`. Only in sentences like, `put two and two together`, or `Sita and Kamla are cousin` can a conjuntion be said to connect two words. In the third example, `I came but you had gone`, the two smaller sentences are independent of each other. In the fourth sentence, however, `you would come` is subordinate to `you said`, since it functions as the object of `said`. In the last sentence, `until you come` is subordinate sentences so the main sentences to the main sentence are called Subordinating. `and`, `or`, and `but` in the above examples are Co-ordinating; `that` and `until` are subordinating.). Similarly, ¸ðð÷ ¡ðÚðð Æðð, ãðè µðâðð ±ðÚðð `he, who had come, is gone`. Here ãðè µðâðð ±ðÚðð is the main sentence and ¸ðð÷ ¡ðÚðð Æðð is the subordinate one. ¸ðð÷ joins the two, at the same time being related to ãðè.

¸ðð÷ is both Singular and Plural. ¸ðð÷ is always accompanied with ãðè or ãð÷ in the main sentence. Both ¸ðð÷ and ãðè (ãð÷) refer to one and the same person or thing. ãðè (ãð÷) is called the `Correlative` of ¸ðð÷. çðð÷ (`he, they), as a Correlative of ¸ðð÷ is now obsolete except in proverbs and maxims.

Indefinite Pronouns refer to an unknown or unidentified person or thing.

Hindi has only two Indefinite Pronouns ¨îð÷ýá and ¨ôî¶; ¨îð÷ýá `someone, somebody` refers to a person and ¨ôî¶ `somethings` to a thing.

¨îð÷ýá ¡ð Üèð èø `Somebody is coming;

£çð¨îð ¨ôî¶ ®ðð÷ ±ðÚðð èø `he has lost something`;

ÇõÏð Ùð÷ü ¨ôî¶ ÑðÀÿ ±ðÚðð èø `something has fallen into the milk`;

¡ð¸ð ¨îð÷ýá Ððèóü ¡ðÚðð `nobody came to-day.`

³ðÜ Ùð÷ü ¨ôî¶ Ððèóü èø `there is nothing in the house.`

(i) ¨ôî¶ along with ©Úðð (114), is really a neuter form-a rare occurrence in Hindi.

(ii) ¨ôî¶ is also used as an adjective (numeral and quantitative) and as an Adverb meaning `some`, `a few`, `a little`, `partly`.

(iii) ¨îð÷ýá may be used as an Adverb, in the sense of `some, about`.

¨îð÷ýá may also be used as the plural form and signify `some people` ¨îð÷ýá ¡ð Üè÷ èøü `some people are coming`.

Interrogative Pronouns are used in asking questions.

Hind has only two Interrogative Pronouns- ¨îð÷ýá and ©Úðð, the former usually referring tp `person` and the latter to `things` either in singular or in plural:

ãðè ¨îðøÐð èø ? `who is he?`;
Úðè ©Úðð èø ? `what is this ?`;
ãð÷ ¨îðøÐð èøü ? `who are they ?`;
Úð÷ ©Úðð èøü ? `what are these ?`

©Úðð is really a neuter form - a rare oceeurremce in Hindi.

©Úðð (frequently expressed but occasionally implied) is used for denoting the interrogative nature of a sentence (except when another interrogativ word is present (192 Note):

©Úðð ãðè ¡ðÚðð èø ? `has he come?`;
(©Úðð) ÜðÙð çðð÷ ±ðÚðð ? `has Ram gone to sleep?.

For further uses of ©Úðð (as a Compound Pronoun),©Úðð-©Úðð `which things?`, `what things?`:
Øððýá ×ððºððÜ çð÷ ©Úðð-©Úðð âðð¦ èøü ? `what things has brother brought of situation, usually for the worse. ©Úðð-çð÷-©Úðð denotes unexpected and abruptchange of situation, usually for the worse. ©Úðð.....©Úðð is adverbial and denotes, equally, without difference or distinction. It has a conjunctive force.
©Úðð ÃðôÙð, ©Úðð ãðè, Çð÷Ððð÷ü Ùðõ®ðá èøü `you and he are both (equally) fools`.
©Úðð òÐðÏðáÐð, ©Úðð ÏðÐðó, çðØðó ÙðÜ÷ü±ð÷ `whether rich or poor, all will pass away`.
¨îðøÐð and ©Úðð may be used as a Relative Pronoun:
ãðè ¨îðøÐð èø, ¨îð÷ýá Ððèóü ¸ððÐðÃðð `nobody knows who he is.`
ÑðÃðð âð±ðð¡ð÷ ò¨î ¨îâð £çðÐð÷ ©Úðð ò¨îÚðð `find out what he did yesterday.`
©Úðð is used as an Exclamatory Adjective for denoting the surprising or striking nature of some quality etc:
©Úðð (èó) çðôÐÇÜ ÈäÚð èø ! `what a lovely scene!`
©Úðð Ñðð±ðâð ¡ðÇÙðó èø ! `what an idiotic person !`
Úðè ©Úðð ×ð÷ãð¨õîÒîó èø ! `what foolishness is this!`

©Úðð is also used as Adverb expressing emphatic negation:
ãðè ¡ðÇÙðó ©Úðð èø, Üðêðçð èø `call him a man? he is a demon`;
×ðµµðð ©Úðð èø, ±ðôâðð×ð ¨îð Òõîâð èø `it`s not a child, it`s a rose.`
ãðè ÇðøÀÿÃðð ©Úðð èø, £ÀÿÃðð èø `dose he run? he flies!`
ÃðôÙð Ùðô«îÇÙð÷ Ùð÷ü ©Úðð ¸ðóÃðð÷±ð÷ `you will win the case? impossible!
Another Adverbial use of ©Úðð is as a declarative, rhetorical in terrogative:
Úðè ©Úðð ÑðÀÿó èø ÃðôÙèðÜó ò¨îÃðð×ð! `here lies your book! can`t you see?
Ùðøü Úðè ©Úðð ×ðø¿ð èõü `am I not sitting here (don`t you see, I am sitting here)?`
The pair ©Úðð ....©Úðð ©Úðð-©Úðð `which things?`, `what things?`:
Øððýá ×ððºððÜ çð÷ ©Úðð-©Úðð âðð¦ èøü ? `what things has brother brought of situation, usually for the worse. is also adverbial (conjunctive) in sense.