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CHAPTER XVIII

Compound Pronouns: Two or more Pronouns may be compounded, or the same Pronoun repeated to denote various shades of meanings. The following are some of the more important combinations:-

¡ÑðÐð÷-¡ðÑð See:- ¡ÑðÐð÷-¡ðÑð is used either as an emphatic (or unambiguous) form for the oblique ¡ÑðÐð÷ (see note below), or as an adverb maning `of one`s own accord, automatically, spontaneously`. Thus:-

çðóÃðð Ðð÷ ¡ÑðÐð÷ (¡ÑðÐð÷-¡ðÑð) ¨îð÷ Çð÷æð òÇÚðð `Sita blamed herself (her own self)»

ÙðøüÐð÷ ¡ÑðÐð÷ (¡ÑðÐð÷-¡ðÑð) çð÷ Ñðõ¶ð `I asked myself (my own self)».

But in ãðè ¡ÑðÐð÷-¡ðÑð µðâðð ±ðÚðð `he went away of his own accord`, ¡ÑðÐð÷-¡ðÑð is adverbial, and can be replaced by ¡ðÑð èó: ãðè ¡ðÑð èó µðâðð ±ðÚðð. and See ¡ÑðÐð÷-¡ðÑð (109-c) may be used as an Adverb of manner and denotes `of one`s own accord, spontaneously`:
ãðè ¡ÑðÐð÷-¡ðÑð µðâðð ±ðÚðð `he went away of his own accord,
¡ðÑð-çð÷-¡ðÑð = ¡ÑðÐð÷-¡ðÑð adverb. See:- ¡ðÑð-çð÷-¡ðÑð = `spontaneously` = ¡ÑðÐð÷ ¡ðÑð
¡ðÑð-èó-¡ðÑð `by oneself`, `to oneself`, `aside (in dramas)».
¸ðð÷ ¨îð÷ýá `who (so)ever,» ¸ðð÷ ¨ôî¶ `what (so) ever`:
¸ðð÷ ¨îð÷ýá ¡ð¦, £çð¨îð çãðð±ðÃð èø
`whosoever comes is welcome`.
¸ðð÷ ¨ôî¶ òÙðâð÷, Ü®ð âðð÷ `keep whatever you get`.
¸ðð÷-¸ðð÷=¸ðð÷ ¨îð÷ýá or ¸ðð÷-¨ôî¶
¸ðð÷-¸ðð÷ ¡ð¦, £çð÷ ò®ðâðð¡ð÷ `whosoever may come, feed him`.
¸ðð÷-¸ðð÷ µððòè¦, òÙðâð÷±ðð `whatsoever is required, will be given`.
¸ðð÷ ò¨î = ¸ðð÷:
ãðè ¡ðÇÙðó ÙðÜ ±ðÚðð ¸ðð÷ ò¨î ×ðóÙððÜ Æðð `the man, who was ill, is dead`. ¸ðð÷ ò¨î is now archaic, and may be discarded.
¨îð÷ýá-¨îð÷ýá `some, a few` (archaic):
¨îð÷ýá-¨îð÷ýá ÜðÃð Ùð÷ü ¨îðÙð ¨îÜÃð÷ èøü `some, work during the night`.
çð×ð ¨îð÷ýá `all, everybody (prural)» (archaic):
çð×ð ¨îð÷ýá çð×ð÷Ü÷ £¿Ãð÷ èøü `everybody gets up in the morning.`
èÜ ¨îð÷ýá = çð×ð ¨îð÷ýá `everybody` [but singular (archaic)]:èÜ ¨îð÷ýá ¸ððÐðÃðð èø `everybody knows`
¨îð÷ýá-Ðð-¨îð÷ýá (App. III 5 (j) `someone or the other,» `somebody or the other,»;

³ðÜ Ùð÷ü ¨îð÷ýá-Ðð-¨îð÷ýá ¡ãðäÚð èð÷±ðð `someone or the other must be in the house.`

(11) ¨îð÷ýá.....¨îð÷ýá `some.....others`, or `one......another`;

¨îð÷ýá ¡ð Üè÷ èøü, ¨îð÷ýá ¸ðð Üè÷ èøü `some are coming, others are going`;
¨îð÷ýá ¡µ¶ð èø, ¨îð÷ýá ×ðôÜð `one is good, another is bad`.
This use of ¨îð÷ýá....¨îð÷ýá is conjunctive.

¨ôî¶ Ðð ¨ôî¶ (App. III 5 (j) `someone or the other`:
èÙð ¨ôî¶-Ðð-¨ôî¶ ¨îÜ âð÷ü±ð÷ `we shall do something or the other`;

(13) ¨ôî¶ ¨îð ¨ôî¶ `something quite different from what was intended or expected`:
ÃðôÙðÐð÷ ¨ôî¶ ¨îð ¨ôî¶ çðÙð»ð òâðÚðð `you took it quite differently`;
¨ôî¶ ¨îð ¨ôî¶ èð÷ ±ðÚðð `something unexpected happened`.

(14) çð×ð -¨ôî¶ `everybody gets up in the morning`.
Ùðô»ð÷ çð×ð-¨ôî¶ òÙðâð ±ðÚðð `I got everything `;
Ùð÷Üð çð×ð-¨ôî¶ ±ðÚðð `I lost everything`.

(15) ×ðèôÃð ¨ôî¶ `a great deal` [also used as an Adverb.

(c)]: ÜðÙð ¨îð÷ ×ðèôÃð-¨ôî¶ ÙððâðõÙð èø `Ram knows a great deal`.

(16) ¨ôî¶ ¨ôî¶ `somewhat`, `a little` [Adj. or Adv.
Ùðô»ð÷ ¨ôî¶-¨ôî¶ ×ðô®ððÜ èø `I have a little feer`.

¨îð÷ýá ¡ðøÜ `someone else, anybody else`:
ãðèð Ùðð÷èÐð Ððèóü Æðð, ¨îð÷ýá ¡ðøÜ Æðð `It was not Mohan, it was someone else`;
©Úðð ¨îð÷ýá ¡ðøÜ èø? `is there anybody else?` ¡ðøÜ ¨îð÷ýá=¨îð÷ýá ¡ðøÜ
¡ðøÜ ¨îð÷ýá Ððèóü ¡ðÚðð `nobody else came`. ¨îð÷ýá ÇõçðÜð = ¨îð÷ýá ¡ðøÜ Úðè ¨îð÷ýá ÇõçðÜð èó èø `he is somebody else`. ¨ôî¶ ¡ðøÜ `something else`, `a little more`: ¨ôî¶ ¡ðøÜ âðóò¸ð¦ `please take a little more`.
¨ôî¶ ¡ðøÜ çðôÐðð¡ð÷ `tell us something else`. ¡ðøÜ ¨ôî¶ `something else`:
Ùðô»ð÷ ¡ðøÜ ¨ôî¶ Ððèóü µððòè¦ `I need nothing else`.
¡ðøÜ ¨ôî¶? ` (do you want etc.) anything else?` ¨ôî¶.....¨ôî¶ `some....some` [Conjunctive. [See:- ÑðÜ ëðÐÃðô, ò¨îÐÃðô, Ùð±ðÜ or âð÷ò¨îÐð `but`, ÑßÃÚðôÃð or ×ðòâ¨î `but also, besides, but, on the other hand`;
ÙðøüÐð÷ ¡ðÑð ¨îð ¨ôî¶ ò×ð±ððÀð Ððèóü, ÑßÃÚðôÃð (×ðòâ¨î) Øðâðð èó ò¨îÚðð èø
`I have done no charm to you; on the other hand, I have rendered you a service`.
×ðÜÐð `but` is now obsolete.]: ¨îð÷ýá-çðð See:- çðð with ¨îð÷ýá and ¨îðøÐð denotes `any one` and `which one`, respectively: ¨îð÷ýá-çðó ò¨îÃðð×ð `any book`, ¨îðøÐð-çðó ò¨îÃðð×ð `which book?`¨îðøÐð-çðð which persons?`:
Ùð÷Ü÷ çððÆð ¨îðøÐð-¨îðøÐð µðâð÷±ðð `which (Plural) of you will accompany me?`
(¨îðøÐð-¨îðøÐð is usually Singular in form, but Plural in sense. Sometimes ¨îðøÐð-¨îðøÐð has the Plural form). ©Úðð-©Úðð `which things?`, `what things?`:
Øððýá ×ððºððÜ çð÷ ©Úðð-©Úðð âðð¦ èøü ? `what things has brother brought of situation, usually for the worse. ©Úðð-çð÷-©Úðð denotes unexpected and abruptchange of situation, usually for the worse. ©Úðð.....©Úðð is adverbial and denotes, equally, without difference or distinction. It has a conjunctive force.
©Úðð ÃðôÙð, ©Úðð ãðè, Çð÷Ððð÷ü Ùðõ®ðá èøü `you and he are both (equally) fools`.
©Úðð òÐðÏðáÐð, ©Úðð ÏðÐðó, çðØðó ÙðÜ÷ü±ð÷ `whether rich or poor, all will pass away`. All Pronouns, Singular or Plural, Direct or Oblique, may be combined with the emphatic particle èó:
Ùðøü èó `I myself`, Ãðõ èó `thou thyself`
¡ðÑð èó `you yourself (honorific)», ¨îð÷ýá èó `hardly any one`,
¨ôî¶ èó `hardly something, hardly a few`

Most of these compounds, however, are affected by Sandhi [50 (c) and 9 (d)] and are slightly modifed:

Ùðô»ð + èó = Ùðô»ðó, Ãðô»ð + èó = Ãðô»ðó, èÙð + èó = (èÙðó), ÃðôÙð+èó=ÃðôÙèó (ÃðôÙèóü), ãðè + èó = ãðèó, Úðè + èó = Úðèó,
£çð + èó = £çðó, ýçð+ èó = ýçðó, ò¸ðçð + èó = ò¸ðçðó,
ò¨îçð+ èó = ò¨îçðó, £Ðð + èó = £Ðèó (£Ðèóü), ýÐð + èó = ýÐèó (ýÐèóü), ò¸ðÐð + èó = ò¸ðÐèó (ò¸ðãèóü), ò¨îÐð+ èó = ò¨îÐèó (ò¨îÐèóü).

Note that:-

ò¨îçðó and ò¨îÐèó serve as Singular and Plural obliques of ¨îð÷ýá. The nasalized forms èÙðóü, ÃðôÙèóü etc. are used only in pronounciation. They are written without the dot.

Miscellaneous Pronouns: ¡Ùðô¨î `so and so`:

(2) ×ðèôÃð `several, a lot, a good many`:

ÃðôÙð-¸ðøçð÷ ÙðøüÐð÷ ×ðèôÃð Ç÷®ð÷ èøü `I have seen a lot like you!`

¡ðÑðçð (Ùð÷ü or ¨îó) `each other, one another, among themselves`.

¡ðÑðçð Ùð÷ü ÙðÃð âðÀÿð÷ `do not quarrel with each other.`
¡ðÑðçð ¨îó `mutual, internal`.

(4) ÑðÜçÑðÜ `mutually (adverb)».

(5) ¦¨î-ÇõçðÜ÷ `each other, one another`:
¦¨î-ÇõçðÜ÷ ¨îð÷ ÙðÃð ÙððÜð÷ `do not beat each other`.
¦¨î-ÇõçðÜ÷ çð÷ ÙðÃð âðÀÿð÷ `do not fight (or qurrel) with each other`.

¦¨î....ÇõçðÜð ( or ÇõçðÜ÷) `one....the other` or `some....others`.

They have conjunctive force:
¦¨î çðô®ðó èø, ÇõçðÜð Çô®ðó èø `one is happy, the other is unhappy`;
¦¨î ÏðÐðó èø, ÇôçðÜð òÐðÏðáÐð `one is rich, the other is poor`.

(7) Òîâððü, ÒîâððÐðð `so and so`:
Òîâððü ¨îð÷ ×ðôâðð¡ð÷ `call so and so`.

The ¨îð or Üð forms of Pronouns, when referring to the subject of the senternce, are always replaced by the reflexive ¡ÑðÐðð. See:- (d) ¡ÑðÐðð `belonging to oneself`, `one`s own`, is, in fact, an Adjective derived from ¡ðÑð, and is used (like the ¨îð forms: 101 Note) as such (with its modifications ¡ÑðÐðó and ¡ÑðÐð÷) provided the person it refers to is the logical subject of the sentence.

âðÀÿ¨îð ¡ÑðÐðó ò¨îÃðð×ð Ùððü±ðÃðð èø `the boy asks for his book`;

âðÀÿ¨÷î Ðð÷ ¡ÑðÐðó Ùððü çð÷ ¨îèð `the boy told his mother,»

ÜðÙð ¡ÑðÐðð (not £çð¨îð) Ñðð¿ ÑðÁÿÃðð èø `Ram reads his lesson`.
âðÀÿ¨÷î Ðð÷ ¡ÑðÐðó (not £çð¨îó) ò¨îÃðð×ð ÒîðÀÿ Àðâðó `The boy tore up his book`.
£çðÐð÷ ¡ÑðÐð÷ (not £çð¨÷î) Øððýá çð÷ ¨îèð `He told his brother`.
Ùðøü ¡ÑðÐð÷ (not Ùð÷Ü÷) ³ðÜ ¸ððÃðð èõü `I am going home`.
ÃðôÙð ¡ÑðÐðð (not ÃðôÙèðÜð) ¨îðÙð ¨îÜð÷ `You do your work`.
£çð÷ ¡ÑðÐðó (not £çð¨îó)ò¨îÃðð×ð òÙðâð ±ðýá `He found his book`.
ÜðÙð ¨îð÷ ¡ÑðÐðð (not £çð¨îð) Ñðð¿ ÑðÁÿÐðð èø Ram has to read his lesson.`
£çð÷ ¡ÑðÐð÷ (not £çð¨÷î) Øððýá çð÷ ÑðÃðð µðâðð `he came to know from his brother`.
But £çð÷ £çð¨÷î Øððýá Ðð÷ ×ðÃððÚðð `his brother told him` where £çð÷ is not the subject but the object.

Note the difference-

Ùðøü £çðçð÷ ¡ÑðÐð÷ ³ðÜ ÑðÜ òÙðâðð `I met him at my house`. (Subject Ùðøü)
Ùðøü £çðçð÷ £çð¨÷î ³ðÜ ÑðÜ òÙðâðð `I met him at his house`. (Subject Ùðøü)
ãðè Ùðô»ðçð÷ ¡ÑðÐð÷ ³ðÜ ÑðÜ òÙðâðð `he met me at his house`. (Subject ãðè)
ãðè Ùðô»ðçð÷ Ùð÷Ü÷ ³ðÜ ÑðÜ òÙðâðð `he met me at my house`. (Subject ãðè)

(For further discussion, see:- ¡ÑðÐðð (reflexive, like Ãð÷Üð, Ùð÷Üð, ÃðôÙèðÜð, £çð¨îð etc.) is an Adjective. It replaces the latter in every case where they refer to the logical subject of the sentence (``the doer``), whether it (the subject) is in the Direct Case, or in the Oblique Case with Ðð÷, or çð÷ (in Passive Voice), or with ¨îð÷ (266-70).

In the direct case and oblique with Ðð÷, the logical subject is identical with the grammatical: Ùðøü ¡ÑðÐðð ¨îðÙð ¨îÜÃðð èõü, ÙðøüÐð÷ ¡ÑðÐðð ¨îðÙð ò¨îÚðð:

A logical subject in the oblique with ¨îð÷ or çð÷ is not the grammatical subject-that position is occupied by the logical object:

Ùðô»ð¨îð÷ (Ùðô»ð÷) ¡ÑðÐðð ¨îðÙð ¡µ¶ð âð±ðÃðð èø,

Ùðô»ðçð÷ ¡ÑðÐðð ¨îðÙð Ððèóü èð÷Ãðð.

2019-12-29

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