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CHAPTER XX

Numerals are Adjectives indicating Number. They may be Cardinal, Ordinal, or Multiplicative.

Cardinals are used for counting : ¦¨î Òîâð `one fruit`, Çð÷ ³ðð÷Àÿ÷ `two horses`, ÃðóÐð ò¨îÃðð×ð÷ü `three books,» çððø ¡ðÇÙðó `a hundred men`.

Ordinals are used for denoting `position or order in a series`. Ñðèâðð Ñðð¿ `the first lesson`, ÇõçðÜó ò¨îÃðð×ð `the second book`, ÃðóçðÜð ³ðÜ `the thrid house`.

Multiplicatives indicate multiplication : Çô±ðôÐðð `double`, Çð÷èÜð `two-fold`, Ççð ±ðôÐðð `ten-fold`, çððø±ðôÐðð `hundred-fold`.

The Hindi Cardinals are as follows :

¦¨î one Çð÷ two
ÃðóÐð three µððÜ four
Ñððûµð five ¶ÿ: six
çððÃð seven ¡ð¿ eight
Ðððø nine Ççð ten
±ÚððÜè eleven ×ððÜè twelve
Ãð÷Üè thirteen µððøÇè fourteen
ÑðÐÍè fifteen çðð÷âðè sixteen
çðëðè seventeen ¡¾þ¿ðÜè eighteen
£ÐÐðóçð nineteen ×ðóçð twenty
ý©¨îóçð twenty-one ×ððýáçð twenty-two
Ãð÷ýáçð twenty-three µððø×ðóçð twenty-four
çðÄððýáçð twenty-seven ¡¾þ¿ðýáçð twenty-eight
£ÐÃðóçð (£ÐðÄðóçð) twenty-nine Ãðóçð thirty
ý¨îÃðóçð thirty-one ×ðÄðóçð thirty-two
ÃðøüÃðóçð thirty-three µððøüÃðóçð thirty-four
ÑðøüÃðóçð thirty-five ¶Äðóçð thirty-six
çðøüÃðóçð thirty-seven ¡ÀÿÃðóçð thirty-eight
£ÐÃððâðóçð thirty-nine µððâðóçð forty
ý¨îÃððâðóçð forty-one ×ðÚððâðóçð forty-two
ÃðøüÃððâðóçð forty-three µðãððâðóçð forty-four
ÑðøüÃððâðóçð forty-five ¶Úððâðóçð forty-six
çðøüÃððâðóçð forty-seven ¡ÀÿÃððâðóçð forty-eight
£Ðµððçð forty-nine Ñðµððçð fifty
ý©ÚððãðÐð fifty-one ×ððãðÐð fifty-two
òÃðÜÑðÐð (ëð÷ÑðÐð) fifty-three µððøãðÐð fifty-four
ÑðµðÑðÐð fifty-five ¶ÑÑðÐð fifty-six
çðÃÃððãðÐð fifty-seven ¡¿þ¿ðãðÐð fifty-eight
£Ðçð¿ fifty-nine çðð¿ sixty
ý¨îçð¿ sixty-one ×ððçð¿ sixty-two
òÃðÜçð¿ (ëð÷çð¿) sixty-three µððøüçð¿ sixty-four
Ñðøüçð¿ sixty-five ò¶Úððçð¿ sixty-six
çðÀÿçð¿ sixty-seven ¡Àÿçð¿ sixty-eight
£ÐðèÄðÜ sixty-nine çðÄðÜ seventy
ý¨îèÄðÜ seventy-one ×ðèÄðÜ seventy-two
òÃðèÄðÜ seventy-three µððøèÄðÜ seventy-four
ÑðµðèÄðÜ (Ñð-) seventy-five ò¶èÄðÜ seventy-six
çðÃðèÄðÜ (çðÃðÄðÜ) seventy-seven ¡¿èÄðÜ seventy-eight
£Ðððçðó (£ÐÚððçðó) seventy-nine ¡ççðó eighty
ý©Úððçðó eighty-one ×ðÚððçðó eighty-two
òÃðÜðçðó eighty-three µððøÜðçðó eighty-four
Ñðµððçðó eighty-five ò¶Úððçðó eighty-six
çðÃððçðó eighty-seven ¡¿ðçðó eighty-eight
Ððãððçðó eighty-nine Ðð××ð÷ ninety
ý©ÚððÐðãð÷ ninety-one ×ððÐðãð÷ ninety -two
òÃðÜðÐðãð÷ ninety -three µððøÜðÐðãð÷ ninety-four
ÑðµððÐðãð÷ ninety-five ò¶ÚððÐðãð÷ ninety-six
çðÄððÐðãð÷ ninety-seven ¡¾þ¿ðÐðãð÷ (¾þ¿) ninety-eigh
òÐðãÚððÐðãð÷ ninety-nine çððø hundre
äðõÐÚð zero (¦¨î) çððø (one)hundred
Çð÷ çððø two hundred è¸ððÜ thousand
âðð®ð hundred thousand Ççð âðð®ÿð million
¨îÜð÷Àÿ ten million ¡Ü×ðÿ thousand million
®ðÜ×ð hundred billion

(i) ¶: `six` is also written as ¶è. However, ¶÷ÿ or ¶ø approximates the current Hindi pronunciation of the word.

Above `hundred`, the numbers proceed regularly:

¦¨î çððø ¦¨î 101, ¦¨î çððø Çð÷ 102,

ÃðóÐð çððø µððÜ 304 Ñððûµð è¸ððÜ Çð÷ çððø Ñðµµðóçð 5225 etc.

Note:- There is no change in the form of the above numerals due to Gender or Case. As for Number, obviously, ¦¨î is Singular and the rest are Plural by nature,

(a) Nouns denoting measure, weight etc., when preceded by a numeral or by an Adjective denoting indefinite number: (153), are used as Adjectives (of quantity) :

Çð÷ ±ðºð ¨îÑðÀÿð `two yards of cloth`;
ÃðóÐð ÙðÐð ¡Ððð¸ð `three maunds of grain`;
¦¨î ±ððÀÿó ýáÏðÐð `a cart-load of fuel`;
¨îýá çð÷Ü ÇõÏð `several seers of milk`;
¦¨î ò±ðâððçð ÑððÐðó `a glass of water`,
Çð÷ ÑÚððâð÷ µððÚð `two cups of tea`.

See:- (a) Masculine Nouns signifying duration attach the special ending-¡ð÷ü for denoting a large but indefinite Number : ×ðÜçð `year` ×ðÜçðð÷ü `several years`; ÙðèóÐðð `month` `several months`. This ¡ð÷ü is really a numerical ending.

All the modifications that a Noun undergoes with regared to Number and Case (Direct or Oblique) can be tabulated as follows -

DIRECT OBLIQUE

Sg. Pl Sg. Pl.

1. Masc. - ¡ð Nouns -- ¦- ¦- ¡ð÷ü
2. Masc. -.other nouns -- -- -- ««
3. Fem,-ý, ýá and Úðð Nouns -- ¡ðû- -- ««
4. Fem.-.other Nouns -- ¦û- -- ««

or thus:-

SINGULAR PLURAL

Direct Oblique Direct Oblique

1. Masc.- ¡ð Nouns --.. ¦ ¦.. ..¡ð÷ü
2. Masc.-other Nouns --.. -.. .. ««
3. Fem,-ý, ýá and Úðð Nouns --.. -.. ¡ûð.. ««
4. Fem.-.other Nouns --.. -.. ¦û ««

See:

A large but indefinite number is denoted by ÇòçðÚðð÷ü `tens`, ×ðóòçðÚðð÷ü `twenties, scores`, ÑðµµðóòçðÚðð÷ü, Ñðµððçðð÷ü, çðøü¨îÀð÷ü, è¸ððÜð÷ü, âðð®ðð÷ü, ¨îÜð÷Àÿð÷ü, (but Ãðóçðð÷ü, µððâðóçðð÷ü çðð¿ð÷ü etc. are not used).

These forms which may be called `Multitudinous`, are not affected by Gender and Case. Notice the difference between Ççðð÷ü and ÇòçðÚðð÷ü, ×ðóçðð÷ü and ×ðóòçðÚðð÷ü etc. Ççðð÷ü denotes `several tens`, ×ðóçðð÷ü denotes `all twenty`, ×ðóòçðÚðð÷ü denotes `several scores`.

Nouns signifying duration, and those signifying measure, weight etc. assume similar forms when a large and indefinite number or quantity is denoted (83). This ¡ð÷ü may be regarded as the obliquePlural sign used for the direct Plural (93).

ÙðèóÐðð÷ü ×ðóÃð ±ð¦ `a number of months passed`.
×ðÜçðð÷ü èð÷ ±ðÚð÷ `a number of years elapsed`.
ÙðÐðð÷ü ÇõÏð `maunds and maunds of milk`,
±ððòÀÿÚðð÷ü ¡Ððð¸ð `cart-loads of grain`,
¾ð÷¨îòÜÚðð÷ü Òîâð `basketfuls of fruits`,
ÙðÐðð÷ü, ±ððòÀÿÚðð÷ü and ¾ð÷¨îòÜÚðð÷ü are, obviously, adjectival.

But all these Nouns can have only the direct Plural form when preceded by a numeral or by an Adjective denoting an indefinite number. Thus ÃðóÐð ÙðèóÐð÷, ¨îýá ×ðÜçð. Nouns denoting measure etc., when preceded by a numeral, from their Plural in accordance with 145-b: Çð÷ ÙðÐð ÇõÏð, ÃðóÐð ±ððÀÿó ¡Ððð¸ð etc.

Nouns denoting measure, weight etc. similarly attach ¡ð÷ü for expressing a large but indefinite quantity: ÙðÐðð÷ü ¡Ððð¸ð `maunds and maunds of grain`; Á÷Üð÷ü Òîâð `heaps and heaps of fruits`; ±ððòÀÿÚðð÷ü âð¨îÀÿó `cartloads of firewood`, etc. ÙðÐðð÷ü, etc. are in such cases, used as Adjectives (156).

It is to be noted that in the Singular Oblique forms, there is only one change - ¡ð to ¦, occurring in Masc. In the Plural, all Oblique forms have ¡ð÷ü. The Direct Plural has ¡ð÷ü [ in Fem. ý, ýá and Úðð Nouns, -¦û (in the remaining Fem.)]. See, however, 83 where, as a special case, ¡ð÷ü is iattached for forming an apparently Direct Plural.

The Positions or Case-Signs are treated in Chapter VI.

See:

A numeral + a noun denoting measure, weight etc. is treated as an Adjective also as regards the change of form due to Number and Case (but not Gender). Thus,

Çð÷ ÑÚððâð÷ ÇõÏð `two cups of milk`, ÃðóÐð ¾ð÷¨îÜ÷ ¡ðÙð `three basketfuls of mangoes`, (ÑÚððâð÷: Masc. Pl. and ¾ð÷¨îÜ÷: Masc. Pl. like ¡µ¶÷: Masc. Pl. like ¡µ¶÷: Masc. Pl. (127-b); but Çð÷ ÑÚððâðó ÇõÏð, ÃðóÐð ±ððÀÿó ýáüÏðÐð (like ¡µ¶ó Fem. Plural:127-b, not ÑÚððòâðÚððû, ±ððòÀÿÚððû like âðÀÿò¨îÚððû). Also, Çð÷ ÑÚððâð÷ ÇõÏð Ùð÷ü (not....ÑÚððâðð÷ü ....), ÃðóÐð ¾ð÷¨îÜ÷ ¡ðÙð çð÷ (not ....¾ð÷¨îÜð÷ü....): like ¡µ¶÷ Masc. Pl. in the oblique. However, when collective sense is intended, the Nouns retain the singular form: ÃðóÐð ¾ð÷¨îÜð ¡ðÙð, Çð÷ ×ðó³ðð ¸ðÙðóÐð etc.

A numeral + a noun denoting measure, weight etc. is treated as an Adjective also as regards the change of form due to Number and Case (but not Gender). Thus,

Çð÷ ÑÚððâð÷ ÇõÏð `two cups of milk`, ÃðóÐð ¾ð÷¨îÜ÷ ¡ðÙð `three basketfuls of mangoes`, (ÑÚððâð÷: Masc. Pl. and ¾ð÷¨îÜ÷: Masc. Pl. like ¡µ¶÷: Masc. Pl. like ¡µ¶÷: Masc. Pl. (127-b); but Çð÷ ÑÚððâðó ÇõÏð, ÃðóÐð ±ððÀÿó ýáüÏðÐð (like ¡µ¶ó Fem. Plural:127-b, not ÑÚððòâðÚððû, ±ððòÀÿÚððû like âðÀÿò¨îÚððû). Also, Çð÷ ÑÚððâð÷ ÇõÏð Ùð÷ü (not....ÑÚððâðð÷ü ....), ÃðóÐð ¾ð÷¨îÜ÷ ¡ðÙð çð÷ (not ....¾ð÷¨îÜð÷ü....): like ¡µ¶÷ Masc. Pl. in the oblique. However, when collective sense is intended, the Nouns retain the singular form: ÃðóÐð ¾ð÷¨îÜð ¡ðÙð, Çð÷ ×ðó³ðð ¸ðÙðóÐð etc.

2019-12-29

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