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èÙð âðð÷±ð çð×ð÷Ü÷ èó ãðèðü ¸ððÃð÷ Úðð ¸ððÚðð ¨îÜÃð÷ ¡ðøÜ äððÙð ¨îð÷ âððø¾Ãð÷ Úðð âððø¾ð ¨îÜÃð÷ `we would (we used to) go there every morning and return in the evening.` This form may be called `Frequentative` or `Repetitive` Past. Note:- In the Fem. Pl. of the Frequentative Past, the present participle has a - Ãðóü instead of the usual - Ãðó: ãð÷ ¸ððÃðóü `they (Fem,) would go`. The `Frequentative` forms are not tobe confused with the contingent forms (233) with which they are apparently identical. (a) The above forms are terminate, not progressive: they do not represent the act as going on in the past. Their use as progressive (``Imperfect`` or ``Continuous``) forms is archaic or dialectic. (b) The progressive forms are made, as in the present (190) by replacing the Ãðð by Üèð:
The forms ¸ðð Üèð Æðð etc. etc. do not, in fact, represent the progressive aspect of ¸ððÃðð Æðð form which they are apparently made. The similarity is purely formal. ¸ðð Üèð Æðð is really the progressive aspect corresponding to ±ðÚðð (a) The Past Habitual (including the ``Frequentative``) is restricted to the present (191-92) with the help of Ððèóü and ©Úðð. The Auxiliaries Æðó, Æð÷, Æðóü however, are not omitted:
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CHAPTER XXVIII | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The Past Perfect represents ``a past action or state as completed at or before a certain past time``. It is not ``remote past``, as is usually supposed. It is formed by combining Æðð, Æðó, Æðóü with the past participle forms (195) of the main Verb:
There is no modificatin due to Peson. The honorific form has Third Person Plural: ¡ðÑð ±ð¦ Æð÷ (±ðýá Æðóü). (a) As in the case of the Simple Past (198), the Transitive Verbs have the objectival construction in the Past Perfect; the Verb agrees with the object in Gender and Number, and the subject is placed in the oblique form with Ðð÷:
(b) The above rule is subject to the same exceptions as the rule regarding the Simple Past (199):
(c) In the case of the Verbs having two objects, the Verb agrees with the primary object [ see Every Primary (Animate or Inanimate) Object of a verb having two Objects [See: (c) Some Verbs have two Objects: `I gave him two books` therefore, is the ``Dorect``, or the ``primary`` Object, and him is the ``Indirect`` or the ``Secondary`` Object. (In most of such cases, the Primary Object answers the question ``what?``, and the Secondary Object answers `Whom?`). ] . ÙðøÐð÷ ÜðÙð ¨îð÷ ³ðð÷Àÿð òÇÚðð `I gave Ram a horse`; and See If a Verb has two Objects, it agrees with the primary object (94-e) ÙðøüÐð÷ ÜðÙð ¨îð÷ Çð÷ ò¨îÃðð×ð÷ü Çó `I gave two books to Ram`.)
(a) But a Transitive Verb has the neutral construction if its object takes the case-sign- ¨îð÷ (cf. 200).
Exceptionally, a few Intransitive Verbs also (201) have the neutral construction:
Note:- Verbs taking two objects never have the neutral construction.
The Past Perfect, like the simple past (202) refers to a particular act. The act. must have been completed at a past time: it is immaterial whether it was completed a moment ago or centuries ago. We can say ÜðÙð ¡Øðó Úðèðü ¡ðÚðð Æðð `Ram had just now come here`, as well as,
(a) ÜèÐðð as stated above (256-i 260 261-e and k) can be combined with a main Verb which is eighter in the asbsolutive (root) form, or in the present form or in the participle form: ãðè ¸ðð Üè ð èø `he is going`, ãðè ¸ððÃðð ÜèÃðð èø `he keeps going (habitually), ãðè ×ðø¿ð ÜèÃðð èø `he keeps sitting`, ãðè ¨ ð÷¾ ÑðèÐð÷ ÜèÃðð èø `he keeps wearing a coat, (b)of these, (1) alone dontes an action in progress or in process not yet complited. of the other three forms, (2) denotes a habit (not an action in progress), while (3) and (4) denote continuity of a state. Only (1), therefore, can form the progressive aspect. It is to be noted that, while (2), (3) and (4) can be used in all Tenses and Moods (¸ððÃðð Üè÷±ðð, µðâðÃðð Üèð, ×ðø¿÷ Üè÷, ÑðèÐð÷ Üèð èð÷Ãðð etc.) in the progressive sense, the Subsidiary ÜèÐðð is always in the past participle form (with the usual fem. and pl. modifications). Besides, it can be used only in the present and the habitual past (¸ðð Üèð èø - ¸ðð Üèð Æðð) or in the Subjective forms ¡ðÃðð èð÷, ¡ðÃðð èð÷Ãðð, ¡ðÃðð èð÷±ðð, ¡ð Üèð èð÷, ¡ð Üèð èð÷Ãðð, ¡ð Üèð èð÷±ðð. In fact, ¡ð Üèð is to be regarded as a past participle form of the compound ¡ð + ÜèÐðð, and as equivalent to ¡ðÃðð èô¡ð. This is clear from the fact that a present participle when used as an Adjective denotes the progressive aspect with the help of forms like ¡ðÃðð èô¡ð, ¸ððÃðð èô¡ð etc. (241). ãðè ¸ððÃðð èø (¸ðð Üèð èø) Present Indicative, The Üèð forms in these Tenses are, of course, of the nature of a compound Verb. But having a special form and being so frequently used, they are on par with the common forms (¸ððÃðð èø etc.). and for Passive and Impersonal Voice, The various terminate forms of the Indicative Mood (in the active voice), discussed in Chapters III-VIII may be summarized as Forms made with the Present Participle:-
Forms made with - ±ðð (attached to the Subjunctive forms):-
The following points may be noted:- Note - Ãðð (present participle) and - ¡ð (past participle) as well as - ±ðð forms are affected by Gender and Number:-
But Fem. Pl is - Ãðóü and ýá, if there is no auxiliary: µðâðÃðó (Negative Present or Frequentative Past), µðâðóü (Simple Past).
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CHAPTER XXIX | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The Subjunctive mood, as already stated (172-c), is a form of Verb, which represents the action not as a reality, but as a wish, hope, command requirement, possibility, probability, presumption, condition, etc. It represents in short ``the action or state as a conception of the mond rather than a reality`` (Cwme). (a) In Hindi, the Subjunctive has eight different forms, that may be divided into three groups representing three tenses, present, past and future. But it must be remembered that the tenses of this mood do not define the time (of the occurrence of an action) as clearly as do the tenses of the Indicative. In accordance with their main signfications, the eight forms may be divided into four groups - (1) those expressing (mainly) wish, desire, requirement, (2) those expressing possibility, (3) those expressing probability or presumed certainty, and (4) those referring to a condition which is contrary to fact. But it muxt again be remembered that the meanings of the four groups are not mutually exclusive: they often overlap each other. The eight forms of the root ¡ð `come` grouped according to the Tenses are as follows:-
According to their main significations, they may be grouped as follows:-
(Contrary to fact) These forms are, of course, Terminate and Active. The corresponding progressive forms of ¡ðÃðð èð÷, ¡ðÃðð èð÷±ðð and ¡ðÃðð èð÷Ãðð can be made by substituting Üèð for - Ãðð. For Passive and Impersonal Voices, and for other progressive forms, see: (a) ÜèÐðð as stated above (256-i 260 261-e and k) can be combined with a main Verb which is eighter in the asbsolutive (root) form, or in the present form or in the participle form: ãðè ¸ðð Üè ð èø `he is going`, ãðè ¸ððÃðð ÜèÃðð èø `he keeps going (habitually), ãðè ×ðø¿ð ÜèÃðð èø `he keeps sitting`, ãðè ¨ ð÷¾ ÑðèÐð÷ ÜèÃðð èø `he keeps wearing a coat, (b)of these, (1) alone dontes an action in progress or in process not yet complited. of the other three forms, (2) denotes a habit (not an action in progress), while (3) and (4) denote continuity of a state. Only (1), therefore, can form the progressive aspect. It is to be noted that, while (2), (3) and (4) can be used in all Tenses and Moods (¸ððÃðð Üè÷±ðð, µðâðÃðð Üèð, ×ðø¿÷ Üè÷, ÑðèÐð÷ Üèð èð÷Ãðð etc.) in the progressive sense, the Subsidiary ÜèÐðð is always in the past participle form (with the usual fem. and pl. modifications). Besides, it can be used only in the present and the habitual past (¸ðð Üèð èø - ¸ðð Üèð Æðð) or in the Subjective forms ¡ðÃðð èð÷, ¡ðÃðð èð÷Ãðð, ¡ðÃðð èð÷±ðð, ¡ð Üèð èð÷, ¡ð Üèð èð÷Ãðð, ¡ð Üèð èð÷±ðð. In fact, ¡ð Üèð is to be regarded as a past participle form of the compound ¡ð + ÜèÐðð, and as equivalent to ¡ðÃðð èô¡ð. This is clear from the fact that a present participle when used as an Adjective denotes the progressive aspect with the help of forms like ¡ðÃðð èô¡ð, ¸ððÃðð èô¡ð etc. (241). ãðè ¸ððÃðð èø (¸ðð Üèð èø) Present Indicative, The Üèð forms in these Tenses are, of course, of the nature of a compound Verb. But having a special form and being so frequently used, they are on par with the common forms (¸ððÃðð èø etc.). The forms as given above are in the subjectival construction for a masculine singular subject in the third person. The rest will be indicated below under each. ¡ð¦ (Optative) (a) ¡ð¦ (third person sg.) represenst the action mainly as a desire, wish, command, requirement, purpose; but also as a condition (although not contrary to fact), a supposition, a possibility etc., almost always with an implied reference to future. This form may be called ``Optative``. (b) The Optative forms have already been noted in connection with the Indicative Future forms (203). The forms for ¡ð `come` would be:-
For the roots µðâð and èð÷, the forms would be:- Singular Plural Singular Plural
There is no modification due to Gender. The following sentences will illustrate the usage:
Note: (i) It will be observed that all the sentences, except the last two, have an implied reference to Future. The last but one makes a general statement with no reference to time. In the last sentences, the Verb èó expresses a supposed state existing at present.
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