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CHAPTER XIX

An Adjective is a word which qualifies a Noun, a Pronoun or an Adjective:

¡µ¶ð âðÀÿ¨îð `a good boy` ×ðôÜð ¡ðÇÙðó `a bad man`
¨îðâðó ò×ðââðó `a black cat` ¿üÀð ÑððÐðó `cold water`
×ðóÙððÜ âðÀÿ¨îó `a sick girl` Úðè ò¨îÃðð×ð `this book`
ãðè Ùð¨îðÐð `that house` Ùð÷Üó ×ðòèÐð `my sister`
èÙððÜð äðèÜ `our city` ×ðèôÃð ÇõÏð `much milk`
Ñððüµð ÝÑðÚð÷ `five rupees` ¨îðøÐð-çðó ò¨îÃðð×ð `which book`
×ðèôÃð-çð÷ ¡ðÇÙðó `many men` ¨îýá âðð÷±ð `several people`
±ðèÜð Ððóâðð ¡ð¨îðäð `deep blue sky` ×ðèôÃð ¡µ¶ð ¡ðÇÙðó `very good man`.

Some Adjectives denote a quality (¡µ¶ð, ×ðôÜð, ¨îðâðó); some state number (Ñððûµð), quantity (×ðèôÃð); some describe state or condition (¿üÀð, ×ðóÙððÜ); some only point out (Úðè, ãðè); others particularize or show relation (Ùð÷Üó, èÙððÜð); still others ask question (¨îðøÐð-çðó) etc., etc. Broadly speaking, Adjectives can be divided into two classes describing and distinguishing, i.e. those which merely indicate a quality, and those which point out a person or a thing as distinct from others of their own class. Thus ×ðôÜð, ¨îðâðó, ×ðóÙððÜ, ¿üÀð etc. merely describe, whereas Úðè, ãðè, Ùð÷Üó, èÙððÜð etc. point to thing and persons which are to be distinguished from other persons and things.

Almost all the Pronouns can function as Adjectives:

Úðè ò¨îÃðð×ð `this book`
ãð÷ ×ðµµð÷ `those children` (Demonstrative);
¨îðøÐð ¡ðÇÙðó? `which man?`
©Úðð ¨îðÙð `what work?` (Interrogative);
¨îð÷ýá ¡ðÇÙðó `some man`
¨ôî¶ Òîâð `some fruits` (Indefinite);
¸ðð÷ âðÀÿ¨÷î `the boys who` (Relative);

The oblique forms of Pronouns having ¨îð, Üð or Ððð namely, ýçð¨îð, £çð¨îð, ò¨îçð¨îð, Ùð÷Üð, Ãð÷Üð, èÙððÜð, ÃðôÙèðÜð and ¡ÑðÐðð (except in ¡ÑðÐð÷ ¡ðÑð) etc. are used always as Adjectives. In fact, the oblique forms of all Nouns with ¨îð may also be considered as Possessive Adjective changes to-ýá and-¦.

Note- ¡ÑðÐðð is used also as an intensifying (or emphasizing) Adjective when it follows a Noun or Pronoun with ¨îð or Üð and means `own`. see:- The ¨îð or Üð forms of Pronouns, when referring to the subject of the senternce, are always replaced by the reflexive ¡ÑðÐðð. See:- (d) ¡ÑðÐðð `belonging to oneself`, `one`s own`, is, in fact, an Adjective derived from ¡ðÑð, and is used (like the ¨îð forms: 101 Note) as such (with its modifications ¡ÑðÐðó and ¡ÑðÐð÷) provided the person it refers to is the logical subject of the sentence.

âðÀÿ¨îð ¡ÑðÐðó ò¨îÃðð×ð Ùððü±ðÃðð èø `the boy asks for his book`;

âðÀÿ¨÷î Ðð÷ ¡ÑðÐðó Ùððü çð÷ ¨îèð `the boy told his mother,»

ÜðÙð ¡ÑðÐðð (not £çð¨îð) Ñðð¿ ÑðÁÿÃðð èø `Ram reads his lesson`.
âðÀÿ¨÷î Ðð÷ ¡ÑðÐðó (not £çð¨îó) ò¨îÃðð×ð ÒîðÀÿ Àðâðó `The boy tore up his book`.
£çðÐð÷ ¡ÑðÐð÷ (not £çð¨÷î) Øððýá çð÷ ¨îèð `He told his brother`.
Ùðøü ¡ÑðÐð÷ (not Ùð÷Ü÷) ³ðÜ ¸ððÃðð èõü `I am going home`.
ÃðôÙð ¡ÑðÐðð (not ÃðôÙèðÜð) ¨îðÙð ¨îÜð÷ `You do your work`.
£çð÷ ¡ÑðÐðó (not £çð¨îó)ò¨îÃðð×ð òÙðâð ±ðýá `He found his book`.
ÜðÙð ¨îð÷ ¡ÑðÐðð (not £çð¨îð) Ñðð¿ ÑðÁÿÐðð èø Ram has to read his lesson.`
£çð÷ ¡ÑðÐð÷ (not £çð¨÷î) Øððýá çð÷ ÑðÃðð µðâðð `he came to know from his brother`.
But £çð÷ £çð¨÷î Øððýá Ðð÷ ×ðÃððÚðð `his brother told him` where £çð÷ is not the subject but the object.

Note the difference-

Ùðøü £çðçð÷ ¡ÑðÐð÷ ³ðÜ ÑðÜ òÙðâðð `I met him at my house`. (Subject Ùðøü)
Ùðøü £çðçð÷ £çð¨÷î ³ðÜ ÑðÜ òÙðâðð `I met him at his house`. (Subject Ùðøü)
ãðè Ùðô»ðçð÷ ¡ÑðÐð÷ ³ðÜ ÑðÜ òÙðâðð `he met me at his house`. (Subject ãðè)
ãðè Ùðô»ðçð÷ Ùð÷Ü÷ ³ðÜ ÑðÜ òÙðâðð `he met me at my house`. (Subject ãðè)

(For further discussion, see

¡ÑðÐðð (reflexive, like Ãð÷Üð, Ùð÷Üð, ÃðôÙèðÜð, £çð¨îð etc.) is an Adjective. It replaces the latter in every case where they refer to the logical subject of the sentence (``the doer``), whether it (the subject) is in the Direct Case, or in the Oblique Case with Ðð÷, or çð÷ (in Passive Voice), or with ¨îð÷ (266-70).

In the direct case and oblique with Ðð÷, the logical subject is identical with the grammatical: Ùðøü ¡ÑðÐðð ¨îðÙð ¨îÜÃðð èõü, ÙðøüÐð÷ ¡ÑðÐðð ¨îðÙð ò¨îÚðð:

A logical subject in the oblique with ¨îð÷ or çð÷ is not the grammatical subject-that position is occupied by the logical object:

Ùðô»ð¨îð÷ (Ùðô»ð÷) ¡ÑðÐðð ¨îðÙð ¡µ¶ð âð±ðÃðð èø,

Ùðô»ðçð÷ ¡ÑðÐðð ¨îðÙð Ððèóü èð÷Ãðð.

In all the four sentences, ¡ÑðÐðð has replaced Ùð÷Üð because Ùðøü (the person referred to by Ùð÷Üð) is the logical subject in all the four.

But in a sentence like Ùðô»ðçð÷ Ùð÷Ü÷ Øððýá Ðð÷ ¨îèð, Ùð÷Ü÷ cannot be replaced by ¡ÑðÐð÷ because Øððýá is the subject here and not Ùðøü.

See ¡ÑðÐðð is sometimes used for denoting ÃðôÙèðÜð (or Ãð÷Üð)=+èÙððÜð (or Ùð÷Üð) in such sentences as:-

Úðè Ùð¨îðÐð ¡ÑðÐðð èó èø `this house is ours (yours and mine)», where the person spoken to is included in ¡ÑðÐðð either, as a matter of fact,or out of friendliness or humility on the part of the speaker (the house actually belonging to the speaker alone).

A further extension of the ``friendliness or humility`` is achieved by saying Úðè Ùð¨îðÐð ¡ðÑð¨îð èó èø for Úðè Ùð¨îðÐð Ùð÷Üð èø.).

However, ¡ÑðÐðð is used as an intensifying Adjective (=own) qualifying the ¨îð or Üð forms which it invariably follows: ÜðÙð ¨îð ¡ÑðÐðð ³ðÜ Ram`s own house,» Ùð÷Üó ¡ÑðÐðó ò¨îÃðð×ð `my own book`, ÃðôÙèðÜ÷ ¡ÑðÐð÷ ¨îÑðÀÿ÷ `your own clothes` etc.

(a) Adjectives ending in ¡ð (including Possessive Adjectives change to ýá when qualifiying a Feminine Nown in any case or number:

¡µ¶ð âðÀÿ¨îð `a good boy`, but ¡µ¶ó âðÀÿ¨îó `a good girl`; ¡µ¶ó âðÀÿò¨îÚððü, ¡µ¶ÿó âðÀÿ¨îó ¨îð÷, ¡µ¶ó âðÀÿò¨îÚðð÷ü ¨îð÷, similarly Ùð÷Üó ò¨îÃðð×ð, Ùð÷Üó ò¨îÃðð×ð÷ü, Ùð÷Üó ò¨îÃðð×ð Ùð÷ü, Ùð÷Üó ò¨îÃðð×ðð÷ü Ùð÷ü etc.

The ¡ð changes to ¦ when the Adjective is qualifying a Masculine Noun either in the oblique form or in the Plural (Direct Oblique) : ¡µ¶÷ÿ âðÀÿ¨÷î ¨îð÷, ¡µ¶÷ âðÀÿ¨÷î `good boys`, ¡µ¶÷ âðÀÿ¨îð÷ü ¨îð÷, Ùð÷Ü÷ Øððýá ¨îð÷, Ùð÷Ü÷ Øððýáû ` my brothers`, Ùð÷Ü÷ ØððýüÚðð÷ü ¨îð÷ etc. A few A¡ð - Adjectives are excepted from this rule: çðãðð `one and a quarter`, ×ðòÁÿÚðð`of superior quality`, ³ðò¾Úðð `of inferior quality`, £ÙðÇð `nice`, Çôò®ðÚðð `unhappy, unfortunate`. All the other Adjectives (âððâð `red`, ØððÜó `heavy` etc.) remain unchanged: âððâð ¨îÑðÀÿð (masc.) `red cloth`, âððâð ¨îÑðÀÿ÷, `red cloths`, âððâð çððÀÿó `red sari`. Case-signs are attached only to the Nouns, the Adjective having only the oblique form: ¡µ¶÷ âðÀÿ¨÷î ¨îð÷, Ùð÷Ü÷ Øððýá çð÷, èÙððÜ÷ äðèÜ Ùð÷ü, £çð ¡ðÇÙðó çð÷, Ùðô©Ãð ÇóÐð ÑðÜ, èÙð ±ðÜó×ðð÷ü ¨îð÷ but See:- Adjectives denoting quality, number and quantity may be used as Nouns, when they are affected by Case and Number in the same way as Nouns ×ðÀÿð÷ü Ðð÷, ¶ð÷¾ð÷ü çð÷, ýÃðÐð÷ çð÷, ¦¨î Ðð÷, µððÜ Ðð÷, ×ðèôÃðð÷ü ¨îð÷, ¶ð÷ò¾Úðð÷ü ¨îð÷, ×ðôÜó çð÷; ¡ÑðÐðð used as a Noun denotes `a thing`, or person belonging to oneself, ¨ôî¶., however, does not change: ¨ôî¶ Ùð÷ü (Plural).

(a) attached to the oblique form of a Noun or a Pronoun denotes `like`, which then functions as an Adjective :

±ððÚð-çðð cow-like`, ¨ôîÄð÷-çðð `dog-like`, Ùðô»ð-çðð `me-like`, ÃðôÙð-çðð `you-like`,

£Ðð-çðð `them-like`.

The çðð of these Adjectives changes in the oblique and the Feminine like ordinary ¡ð-Adjectives.

(b) çðð is attached also to an Adjective and

either denotes `looking, seeming`:

âððâð-çðð `red-looking`, ¤ûµðð-çðð
Ñðð±ðâð-çðð `mad-looking`, ×ðÀÿð-çðð
Çô×ðâðð-çðð `weak-looking`, ±ðð÷Üð-çðð `fair-looking`.

or (ii) çðð intensifies when used with quantitative Adjectives:

×ðèôÃð-çðð `a great deal`, Æðð÷Àÿð-çðð `just a little`.

¦¨î-çðð denotes `similar`.

These çðð Adjectives when qualifying a Noun in Plural or in the oblique form or a Feminine Noun (Singular or Plural, Direct or Oblique) change both the elements in accordance with the general rule. See:- (a) attached to the oblique form of a Noun or a Pronoun denotes `like`, which then functions as an Adjective :

±ððÚð-çðð cow-like`, ¨ôîÄð÷-çðð `dog-like`, Ùðô»ð-çðð `me-like`, ÃðôÙð-çðð `you-like`,

£Ðð-çðð `them-like`.

The çðð of these Adjectives changes in the oblique and the Feminine like ordinary ¡ð-Adjectives.

çðð is also added to the ¨îð or Üð or Ððð forms for denoting similarity if quality, possession etc.:

×ðÐÇÜ ¨îð-çðð Ùðôüè `a face like that of a monkey`,
±ðÏð÷ ¨îó-çðó ¡ðãððºð `a voice like that of an ass`.
£çð¨÷î-çð÷ ¨îÑðÀÿ÷ `clothes similar to his`,
Ùð÷Üó-çðó Ððð¨î `a nose like mine`,
¡ÑðÐðð-çðð Ùðôüè âð÷¨îÜ Üè ±ðÚðð `was abashed`.

Note that both ¨îð,Üð, Ððð and çðð are affected by Gender, Number and Case.

çðð with ¨îð÷ýá and ¨îðøÐð denotes `any one` and `which one`, respectively: ¨îð÷ýá-çðó ò¨îÃðð×ð `any book`, ¨îðøÐð-çðó ò¨îÃðð×ð `which book?` çðð with ¨îð÷ýá and ¨îðøÐð denotes `any one` and `which one`, respectively: ¨îð÷ýá-çðó ò¨îÃðð×ð `any book`, ¨îðøÐð-çðó ò¨îÃðð×ð `which book?` `Degree of qualities etc. are usually denoted with the help of the Case-sign çð÷ attached to the Noun or Pronoun (in oblique form) with which comparison is made. See:- The Indirect Objects (which are usually persons) of the Verbs meaning `to tell, say, ask for, beg, demand, claim, request`:

Øððýá Ðð÷ ÜðÙð çð÷ ¨îèð ò¨î ........`brother told Ram that.........`;
¨îðÐÃðð Ðð÷ Ùððü çð÷ ¨îèð .........`Kanta said to mother..........`;
ÙðøüÐð÷ âðÀÿ¨÷î çð÷ Ñðô¶ð..........`I asked the boy...........`;
Ðððø¨îÜ Ùðô»ðçð÷ ÝÑðÚðð Ùððü±ðÃðð èø....`the servant asks me for a rupee`.

ÜðÙð çð÷ ¶ð÷¾ð `younger than Ram`,
çð×ð çð÷ £ûµðð `higher than all, highest`,

Ùð÷ü is similarly used (in the ``selective`` sense) for denoting superiority of one out of two or more. See Manner: -

ÏÚððÐð çð÷ çðôÐðð÷ `listen with attention (attentively)»;
ÃðôÙð çðÜâðÃðð çð÷ ÑðÁÿ âðð÷±ð÷ `you will be able to read (it) with ease (easily)»;
ãðè ¨îò¿ÐðÃðð çð÷ ¡ð ÑððÚðð `he was able to come wih some difficulty`.

Çð÷Ððð÷ü Ùð÷ü ×ðÀÿó `bigger of the two`,
çð×ðÙð÷ü ¡µ¶ð, also çð×ðçð÷ ¡µ¶ð `best of all`.

In literarry Hindi, the phrase ¨îó ¡Ñð÷êðð may be substitued for çð÷.

ÜðÙð ¨îó ¡Ñð÷êðð ¶ð÷¾ð `younger as compared to Ram`.

The words ¸ÚððÇð or ¡òÏð¨î `more` and ¨îÙð `less` may be prefixed to Adjectives for denoting comparison :

âðð÷è÷ çð÷ ¸ÚððÇð (¨îÙð) ò¾¨îð¤ `more (less) durable than iron`,
Òõîâð çð÷ ¡òÏð¨î ¨îð÷Ùðâð `more delicate than flower`.
¸ÚððÇð, ¡òÏð¨î and ¨îÙð can also be used independently for denoting `more` or `less` in number or in quantity:
Ççð çð÷ ¸ÚððÇð (¨îÙð) `more (less) than ten`; ¦¨î ÙðÐð çð÷ ¡òÏð¨î (¨îÙð) `more (less) than a maund`.
¨îÙð-çð÷-¨îÙð `at least` and ¡òÏð¨î-çð÷-¡òÏð¨î `at the most` are used as Adverbs for which se App. III 5 (i).
×ðÁÿ ¨îÜ `superior to` and ³ð¾ ¨îÜ `inferior to` are similarly used.

2019-12-29

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