Иностранные заимствования 17 страница

2019-12-29

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There are also some ``false`` first causals. These verbs, which look like the first causals of certain simple verbs are simple verbs themselves; while what look like the original verbs, are their passive forms; thus ¨îð¾Ððð `to cut ` looks like the first causal of ¨î¾ðÐðð. `to be cut` (and has been mentioned as such by almost all the grammarians!) But, as the meaning clearly indicates, ¨î¾Ððð is the passive form of ¨îð¾Ððð, and not its ``root.`` ¨îð¾Ððð consequently cannot be called a causative. ¨î¾ðÐðð, `to get (something) cut is the first causal of ¨îð¾Ððð `to cut` not the second causal of ¨î¾Ððð as is commonly supposed. Verbs of the nature ¨î¾Ððð which have a passive meaning without having the normal passive formation may be called (from the point of view of Hindi), `original passives.` They are always intransitive. Some of the frequently used original passives are-

¨î¾Ððð	`to be cut` (active form ¨îð¾Ððð `to cut`),
®ðôâðÐðð	`to come open` (active form ®ðð÷âðÐðð `to open`),
×ðüÏðÐðð	`to be tied or bound` (active form ×ððûÏðÐðð `to tie`),
òÑðçðÐðð	`to be ground` (active form ÑðóçðÐðð `to grind`).

For further particulars,

The first causal forms are made by appending an-¡ð to the root which, in some cases, is slightly modified. The second causal is formed by appending -ãððto the root, or to its modified form. The modification fo the root is similar in both the cases.

Roots ending in a consonant and having the first vowel short remain unchanged.

The second causal form given below in bracket is ``false`` and may be regarded as identical with the first causal (248).

Simple 1st Causal 2nd Causal

¨îÜ-Ððð `to do`	¨îÜð-Ððð `to get done`	(¨îÜãðð-Ððð) `to get done`
ò±ðÜ-Ððð `to fall`	ò±ðÜð-Ððð `to fell`	ò±ðÜãðð-Ððð `to get felled`
ÑðÁÿ-Ððð `to learn`	ÑðÁÿð-Ððð `to teach`	ÑðÁÿãðð-Ððð `to get taught`
çðôÐð-Ððð `to hear`	çðôÐðð-Ððð `to tell`	çðôÐðãðð-Ððð `to cause to tell`to relate,» or relate`
£¿-Ððð `to rise`	£¿ð-Ððð `to raise`	£¿ãðð-Ððð `to get raised`
çðÙð»ð-Ððð `to understand`	çðÙð»ðð-Ððð `to explain`	çðÙð»ðãðð-Ððð `to cause to explain`

If the first vowel of a root is long, it changes to the corresponding short. ¦ and ¡ð÷ change to ý and £ respectively. But ¦÷ and ¡ðø remain unchanged:

¸ðð±ðÐðð `to wake»	¸ð±ððÐðð `to awaken`	¸ð±ðãððÐðð `to cause to awaken`
¸ðóÃðÐðð `to conquer`	ò¸ðÃððÐðð `to awaken`	ò¸ðÃðãððÐðð `to cause to conquer`
³ðõÙðÐðð `to go round`	³ðôÙððÐðð `to turn around`	³ðôÙðãððÐðð `to cause to turn around`
Ç÷®ðÐðð `to see`	òÇ®ððÐðð `to show`	òÇ®ðãððÐðð `to cause to show`
çðó®ðÐðð `to learn`	òçð®ððÐðð `to teach`	òçð®ðãððÐðð `tovcause to teach`
×ðð÷âðÐðð `to speak`	×ðôâððÐðð `to call`	×ðôâðãððÐðð `to make somebody call``to cause to speak`
ÃðøÜÐðð `to swim, to float»	ÃðøÜðÐðð `to set afloat`	ÃðøÜãððÐðð `to cause to set afloat»
ÒøîâðÐðð `to stretch`	ÒøîâððÐðð `to spread`	ÒøîâðãððÐðð ` to cause to spread`
ÇðøÀÿÐðð `to run`	ÇðøÀÿðÐðð `to race` (tr.)»	ÇðøÀÿãððÐðð `to cause to race`
®ððøâðÐðð `to boil, (intr.)	®ððøâððÐðð `to boil` (tr.)	®ððøâðãððÐðð `to have boiled`

Note:- òÇ®ðâððÐðð for òÇ®ððÐðð and òçð®ðâððÐðð for òçð®ððÐðð are Colloquial. The - âðð forms should be restricted to the roots ending in a vowel [See (c) below.]

(ii) ×ðð÷âðÐðð changes it meaning in the causal form. ×ðôâððÐðð `to call` does not have a causal relationwith ×ðð÷âðÐðð `to speak`. The latter, however, has the second causal form ×ðôâðãððÐðð meaning `to cause to speak`.

The root ×ðø¿Ððð `to sit` has five forms for the first causal: ×ðø¿ðÐðð ò×ð¿ðÐðð, ò×ð¿âððÐðð, and ×ðø¿ðâðÐðð of which only the first two are acceptable. Roots ending in a long vowel shorten the same and append a-âðð instead of an - ¡ð in the first Causal. The second Causal, consequently, adds a - âðãðð instead of a ãðð and ¦ and ¡ð÷ change to ý and £. In the following list, `False` second causals are given in brackets.

çðóÐðð `to sew`	òçðâððÐðð `to get sewn`	òçðâðãððÐðð `to get sewn`
ÑðóÐðð `to drink`	òÑðâððÐðð `to cause (give) to`	òÑðâðãððÐðð `to cause to give for drink, to suckle` drinking`
çðð÷Ððð `to sleep`	çðôâððÐðð `to put to sleep`	çðôâðãððÐðð `to cause to put to sleep`
Ïðð÷Ððð `to wash`	ÏðôâððÐðð ` to get (somethingwashed`	ÏðôâðãððÐðð `to get washed)»
Ç÷Ððð `to give`	òÇâððÐðð ` to cause to give`	òÇâðãððÐðð `to cause to give`
Üð÷Ððð `to weep`	ÝâððÐðð `to cause to weep`	ÝâðãððÐðð `to cause to weep`

Note:- (i) ®ððÐðð `to eat` has exceptional forms ò®ðâððÐðð and ò®ðâðãððÐðð. ò®ðâððÐðð, however, is also the first Causal of ®ð÷âðÐðð `to play` and of ò®ðâðÐðð `to blossom: to open`. Context alone would show the intended sense.

(ii) âð÷Ððð `to take` has the exceptional form òâðãððÐðð.

(iii) ×ðð÷Ððð `to sow` has the exceptional form ×ðô¡ðÐðð or ×ðôãððÐðð. ×ðð÷¡ðÐðð is dialectical.

(b) The following forms may be noted:-

Active Causal Passive

×ð÷µðÐðð `to sell` (tr.)	ò×ð¨îãððÐðð `to cause to sell`	ò×ð¨îÐðð `to sell`, (intr.)
×ðÐððÐðð `to make,prepare`	×ðÐðãððÐðð `to get made`	×ðÐðÐðð `to be made`
®ðð÷âðÐðð `to open` (intr.)	®ðôâððÐðð (®ðôâðãððÐðð) `to cause to open`	®ðôâðÐðð `to open` (intr.)
¶ð÷ÀÿÐðð `to leave`	¶ôÀÿðÐðð (¶ôÀÿãððÐðð) `to liberate`	¶õ¾Ððð `to be discharged`
Ãðð÷ÀÿÐðð `to break`	ÃðôÀÿðÐðð (ÃðôÀÿãððÐðð) `to cause to break`	¾õ¾Ððð `to break` (intr.)
Òîð÷ÀÿÐðð `to burst` (tr.)	ÒôÿÀÿãððÐðð, `to cause to burst`	Òõî¾Ððð `to burst` (intr.)
Òîð÷ÀÿÐðð `to tear`ÒîÀÿãððÐðð	Òî¾ãððÐðð `to cause to tear`	Òî¾Ððð `to get torn`

¨îèðÐðð the Causal of ¨îèÐðð `to say`, is passive and means `to be called `. ¨îèâððÐðð is thealternative form which had better be restricted to mean `to cause to tell `.

(a) As mentioned above, an Intransitive Verb becomes Transitive in the first Causal: ×ðµµðð çðð÷Ãðð èø `the child sleeps`, Ðððø¨îÜðÐðó ×ðµµð÷ ¨îð÷ çðôâððÃðó èø `the maid-servant puts the child to sleep`. The original Subject (×ðµµðð etc.) assumes the role of the Object, which, if Animate, is placed in the Oblique Case with ¨îð÷ (97-b), and if Inanimate, in the Direct Case (94-c) : Ùð¸ðÇõÜ Ñð÷Àÿ ò±ðÜðÃðð èø `the labourer fells the tree`.

(b) A Transitive Verb has two Objects in the first Causal-the original Object, and the original Subject. The original Object in such cases becomes the primary Object, ov course, has the Direct form and the secondary Object has the Oblique form with ¨îð÷ (94-c and 97-d):

×ðµµðð ÇõÏð ÑðóÃðð èø `the child sucks (milk)»,

Ùððû ×ðµµð÷ ¨îð÷ ÇõÏð òÑðâððÃðó èø `the mother suckles the child`.

Similarly, ¡ÏÚððÑð¨î òãðÌððòÆðáÚðð÷ü ¨îð÷ òâð®ðÐðð òçð®ððÃðð èø ` the teacher teaches the students how to write`.

(c) This rule, however, holds good only with such first Causals as denote real activity on the part of the Subject (of the Causal), and not mere causation (getting something done). Where mere causation is denoted, the secondary Object (original Subject) functions as an `Agent` and has the Oblique form with çð÷:

ÜðÙð Ðððø¨îÜ çð÷ ¨îðÙð ¨îÜðÃðð èø	`Ram gets the work done by the servant`,
Ùðøü Ïðð÷×ðó çð÷ ¨îÑðÀ÷ ÏðôâððÃðð èõû	`I get the clothes washed by the washerman`

Neither `Ram` nor `I` does anything here, except to order or direct the servant and the washerman.

When a Verb of the type (a) has the second Causal form, the original Subject remains as it was in the first Causal form, namely, an Object, but the Subject of the first Causal has a çð÷:-

×ðµµðð çðð÷Ãðð èø (original form)	`the child sleeps`,
Ðððø¨îÜðÐðó ×ðµµð÷ ¨îð÷ çðôâððÃðó èø (first Causal)	`the maid-servant puts the child to sleep`,
Ùððü Ðððø¨îÜðÐðó çð÷ ×ðµµð÷ ¨îð÷ çðôâðãððÃðó èø (second Causal)	`the mother gets the child put to sleep by the maid-servant`.

Similarly,

Ñð÷Àÿ ò±ðÜÃðð èø (original form)	`the tree falls`,
Ðððø¨îÜ Ñð÷Àÿ ò±ðÜðÃðð èø (first Causal)	`the servant fells the tree`,
ÜðÙð Ðððø¨îÜ çð÷ Ñð÷Àÿ ò±ðÜãððÃðð èø (second Causal)	`Ram gets the tree felled by the servant`.

In the case of a Verb of the type (b), the original Subject and the Object remain what they were in the first Causal, namely, secondary Object andy primary Object, while the Subject of the first Causal has çð÷:-

òãðÌððÆðóá òâð®ðÐðð çðó®ðÃð÷ èøü (original form)	`the students learn to write`,
¡ÏÚððÑð¨î òãðÌððòÆðáÚðð÷ü ¨îð÷ (first Causal)	`the teacher teaches the students`,
òâð®ðÐðð òçð®ððÃðð èø	`to write`,
ÑßÏððÐððÏÚððÑð¨î ¡ÏÚððÑð¨î çð÷ (second Causal)	`the head-master gets the teacher`,
òãðÌððòÆðáÚðð÷ü ¨îð÷ òâð®ðÐðð òçð®ðãððÃðð èø	to teach the students to write`.

(a) Some roots have no causal forms at all. Such are e.g.

¡ðÐðð	`to come`,
¸ððÐðð	`to go`,
èð÷Ððð	`to be`,
ÑððÐðð	`to obtain`.

Occasionally, they have a ``Substitute Causal``, some other Verb runctioning as a causal for them. Thus, Øð÷¸ðÐðð `to send (to make to go)» is a Substitute Causal of ¸ððÐðð `to go`; ¨îÜÐðð `to do, to make (to cause to be)» may function as a causal of èð÷Ððð `to be`; and Ç÷Ððð `to give (to cause to obtain)» that of ÑððÐðð `to obtain`.

(b) âððÐðð `to bring` makes its first Causal with the help of âð÷Ððð: òâðãðð âððÐðð `to cause to bring`.

Иностранные заимствования 17 страница

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