Main Verb: Present Participle

260. The main Verb as a Present Participle is affected by the Number and the Gender of the subject, or of the object. Compound Verbs with the main Verb in the Present Participle form have the following subsidiaries:

¸ððÐðð denotes `to go on doing something`:

Üð÷±ð ×ðÁÿÃðð ¸ððÃðð èø `the malady goes on aggravating`.

ÜèÐðð denotes `continue to do something as a habit`:

ãðè çð×ð÷Ü÷ çð÷ äððÙð Ãð¨î ¨îðÙð `he keeps working from moning till
¨îÜÃðð ÜèÃðð èø eveving`.

Note: ¸ððÐðð compounds refer to a particular act and ÜèÐðð compounds to a habit.

For the progressive use of ÜèÐðð, see :-

(a) ÜèÐðð as stated above (256-i 260 261-e and k) can be combined with a main Verb which is eighter in the asbsolutive (root) form, or in the present form or in the participle form: ãðè ¸ðð Üè ð èø `he is going`, ãðè ¸ððÃðð ÜèÃðð èø `he keeps going (habitually), ãðè ×ðø¿ð ÜèÃðð èø `he keeps sitting`, ãðè ¨ ð÷¾ ÑðèÐð÷ ÜèÃðð èø `he keeps wearing a coat,

(b)of these, (1) alone dontes an action in progress or in process not yet complited. of the other three forms, (2) denotes a habit (not an action in progress), while (3) and (4) denote continuity of a state. Only (1), therefore, can form the progressive aspect.

It is to be noted that, while (2), (3) and (4) can be used in all Tenses and Moods (¸ððÃðð Üè÷±ðð, µðâðÃðð Üèð, ×ðø¿÷ Üè÷, ÑðèÐð÷ Üèð èð÷Ãðð etc.) in the progressive sense, the Subsidiary ÜèÐðð is always in the past participle form (with the usual fem. and pl. modifications). Besides, it can be used only in the present and the habitual past (¸ðð Üèð èø - ¸ðð Üèð Æðð) or in the Subjective forms ¡ðÃðð èð÷, ¡ðÃðð èð÷Ãðð, ¡ðÃðð èð÷±ðð, ¡ð Üèð èð÷, ¡ð Üèð èð÷Ãðð, ¡ð Üèð èð÷±ðð. In fact, ¡ð Üèð is to be regarded as a past participle form of the compound ¡ð + ÜèÐðð, and as equivalent to ¡ðÃðð èô¡ð. This is clear from the fact that a present participle when used as an Adjective denotes the progressive aspect with the help of forms like ¡ðÃðð èô¡ð, ¸ððÃðð èô¡ð etc. (241).
It may also be noted that the rare progressive of the simple past (when used as future conditional) is ¡ðÃðð èô¡ð. (322). It is evident from the above that Hindi Verbs have a regular progressive form only in those Tenses and Moods which are made with the help of a present participle. These are :-

ãðè ¸ððÃðð èø (¸ðð Üèð èø) Present Indicative,
ãðè ¸ððÃðð Æðð (¸ðð Üèð Æðð) Habitual Past-Indicative,
ãðè ¸ððÃðð èð÷ (¸ðð Üèð èð÷) Present Potential,
ãðè ¸ððÃðð èð÷Ãðð (¸ðð Üèð èð÷Ãðð) Present Contingent,
ãðè ¸ððÃðð èð÷±ðð (¸ðð Üèð èð÷±ðð) Present Presumptive.

The Üèð forms in these Tenses are, of course, of the nature of a compound Verb. But having a special form and being so frequently used, they are on par with the common forms (¸ððÃðð èø etc.).

¡ðÐðð denotes `continuity` form some past time until the present and into the futuer:

èÙð ×ðÜçðð÷ü çð÷ Úðèð ÜèÃð÷ ¡ðÚð÷ èøü `we have been living here for
years`.

The sense is almost that of a present perfect. The compound is used only in the persent perfect and past perfect.

×ðÐðÐðð denotes `possible to do` (passive,).

The present participle has the oblique form, and has the sense of a Noun:

Ùðô»ðçð÷ ãðèðû ¸ððÃð÷ Ððèóü ×ðÐðÃðð `I do not find it possible (or desirable) to go there`.

(¸ððÃð÷ in the above sentence is adverbial or absolutive (cf.241-d).

Main Verb: Past Participle

261. The main Varb as past participle is affected by the Number and Gender of the subject, or of the object.

The important subsidiaries are as follows :-

¡ðÐðð retains its meaning (`to come`), while denoting `imminence` or `immediacy`:

äðëðô µðÁÿð ¡ðÃðð èø `the enemy is advancing (on us)»,
×ððÇâð ò³ðÜ÷ ¡ðÃð÷ èø `clouds are fast gathering`.
µðâðð ¡ðÐðð means `to come away` or `to come this way`.

¸ððÐðð combined with an Intransitive main Verb denotes
`going to...` `about to.....`

Ùðøü ÇÇá çð÷ ÙðÜð ¸ðð Üèð èõûü `I am about to die of pain`,
±ððÀÿó ¡Øðó ¡ðýá ¸ððÃðó èø `the train is about to come`.
µðâðð ¸ððÐðð means `to go away`.

This use of ¸ððÐðð with a past participle is not to be confused with the passive forms, (272).

ÑðÀÿÐðð `to fall down` is usually combined with Verbs having a
similar meaning, viz. `to fall down` and denotes `about to ....`, `going to...`:

âðÀÿ¨îó ò±ðÜó ÑðÀÿÃðó èø `the girl is about to fall down`,
Ùðøü ÐðÇó Ùð÷ü ¨õîÇð ÑðÀÿÃðð èõû `I am going to jump into the river`,

¨îÜÐðð denotes `frequency` or habitual action`:

ÏÚððÐð çð÷ ÑðÁÿð ¨îÜð÷ ` (make it a habit to) read attentively`,
Ç÷®ð ¨îÜ µðâðð ¨îÜð÷ ` (always) look about when you walk`.

ÜèÐðð combined with a past participle (having a passive sense)
denotes `continuity of a state`:

ãðè ®ðð¾ ÑðÜ ÑðÀÿð Üèð `he kept lying on the bed`,
ò¨îÃðð×ð Ùð÷¸ð ÑðÜ Ü®ðó ÜèÃðó èø `the book is always lying on the table`.

µððèÐðð `to want` denotes `imminence`:

ãðæððá ¡ðÚðð µððèÃðó èø `it is about to start raining`,
Ççð ×ð¸ðð µððèÃð÷ èøü it is about to strike ten`.

With the following subsidiaries, the main Verb has the oblique
form of the Past participle:-

¸ððÐðð denotes `continuity or imminent completion`:

¡ÑðÐðð ¨îðÙð ò¨î¦ ¸ðð¡ð÷ `continue to do your work`,
çððûÑð Ùð÷üÁÿ¨î ¨îð÷ òÐð±ðâð÷ ¸ððÃðð èø `the snake is about to swallow up the frog`.
ãðè Ùð÷Üó ò¨îÃðð×ð÷ü òâ𦠸ððÃðð èø ` he is taking away my books`.

âð÷Ððð denotes `imminent completion of something for oneself`:

Ùðøü Úðè Ñðð¿ ¡Øðó ÑðÁÿ÷ âð÷Ãðð èõû `I shall read this lesson in no time,»
ãðè çð×ð ®ððÐðð ®ðð¦ âð÷Ãðð èø `he is about to finish off the entire food`.

Ç÷Ððð similarly denotes `imminent completion of an action for some one else`:

Ùðøü ¡ðÑð¨îð ¨îðÙð ¡Øðó ò¨î¦ Ç÷Ãðð èõû `I shall finish your work in no time`.

(j) ÀðâðÐðð denotes `imminent completion`:

Àð¨õî Ùðô»ð÷ ÙððÜ÷ ÀðâðÃð÷ èøü `the robbers are about to kill me`,

ÜèÐðð denotes `continuity of a state or of a completed action`:

ãðè çðÇð òÑð¦ ÜèÃðð èø `he is always drunk`,
ãðè ¨îð÷¾ ÑðèÐð÷ ÜèÃðð èø he always has a coat on`.,

Note: (1) Compound Verbs noted in (a) - (d) can be used only
in the imperative, in the present or in the habitual past. Those
noted in (g) - (i) can be used only in the present and the
habitual past. µðâðð ¡ðÐðð (a) and µðâðð ¸ððÐðð (b), however, can be
used without restriction.

It will be seen from the above discussion that the aspects most
frequently met with in Hindi are those of completion frequency,
beginning, continuity, permission, desire etc. The technical names
for these are, in order: Effective (Completive), Frequentative (or Iterative), Inceptive (or Inchoative), Continuative, Permissive and Desiderative.

Apart from the Tgerminate aspect, which has no special froms (170-d), the most important aspect, however, is the Progressive which is discussed below in detail.

PROGRESSIVE FORM (ÜèÐðð)

(a) ÜèÐðð as stated above (256-i 260 261-e and k) can be combined with a main Verb which is eighter in the asbsolutive (root) form, or in the present form or in the participle form: ãðè ¸ðð Üè ð èø `he is going`, ãðè ¸ððÃðð ÜèÃðð èø `he keeps going (habitually), ãðè ×ðø¿ð ÜèÃðð èø `he keeps sitting`, ãðè ¨ ð÷¾ ÑðèÐð÷ ÜèÃðð èø `he keeps wearing a coat,

(b)of these, (1) alone dontes an action in progress or in process not yet complited. of the other three forms, (2) denotes a habit (not an action in progress), while (3) and (4) denote continuity of a state. Only (1), therefore, can form the progressive aspect.

It is to be noted that, while (2), (3) and (4) can be used in all Tenses and Moods (¸ððÃðð Üè÷±ðð, µðâðÃðð Üèð, ×ðø¿÷ Üè÷, ÑðèÐð÷ Üèð èð÷Ãðð etc.) in the progressive sense, the Subsidiary ÜèÐðð is always in the past participle form (with the usual fem. and pl. modifications). Besides, it can be used only in the present and the habitual past (¸ðð Üèð èø - ¸ðð Üèð Æðð) or in the Subjective forms ¡ðÃðð èð÷, ¡ðÃðð èð÷Ãðð, ¡ðÃðð èð÷±ðð, ¡ð Üèð èð÷, ¡ð Üèð èð÷Ãðð, ¡ð Üèð èð÷±ðð. In fact, ¡ð Üèð is to be regarded as a past participle form of the compound ¡ð + ÜèÐðð, and as equivalent to ¡ðÃðð èô¡ð. This is clear from the fact that a present participle when used as an Adjective denotes the progressive aspect with the help of forms like ¡ðÃðð èô¡ð, ¸ððÃðð èô¡ð etc. (241).
It may also be noted that the rare progressive of the simple past (when used as future conditional) is ¡ðÃðð èô¡ð. (322). It is evident from the above that Hindi Verbs have a regular progressive form only in those Tenses and Moods which are made with the help of a present participle. These are :-

ãðè ¸ððÃðð èø (¸ðð Üèð èø) Present Indicative,
ãðè ¸ððÃðð Æðð (¸ðð Üèð Æðð) Habitual Past-Indicative,
ãðè ¸ððÃðð èð÷ (¸ðð Üèð èð÷) Present Potential,
ãðè ¸ððÃðð èð÷Ãðð (¸ðð Üèð èð÷Ãðð) Present Contingent,
ãðè ¸ððÃðð èð÷±ðð (¸ðð Üèð èð÷±ðð) Present Presumptive.

The Üèð forms in these Tenses are, of course, of the nature of a compound Verb. But having a special form and being so frequently used, they are on par with the common forms (¸ððÃðð èø etc.).

263. Of the remaining Moods and Tenses,

the Imperative has no progressive form; the Indicative Past has no progressive form - except the rare
conditional ¡ðÃðð èô¡ð [262-d and 322-c]; the Indicative Future progressive is identical with the presumptive progressive ¸ðð Üèð èð÷±ðð (but, obviously, for fear of confusion,
it is seldom used); the Present Perfect has no progressive form; the Past Perfect -do- the Optative -do- the Past Potential -do- the Past Presumptive -do- the Past Contingent -do- the Past Participle -do- the Present Participle, when used as an Adjective, makes itsprogressive either with èô¡ð (¸ððÃðð èô¡ð) or, less commonly with Üèð (¸ðð Üèð, See:- (d) In fact, ¡ð Üèð is to be regarded as a past participle form of the compound ¡ð + ÜèÐðð, and as equivalent to ¡ðÃðð èô¡ð. This is clear from the fact that a present participle when used as an Adjective denotes the progressive aspect with the help of forms like ¡ðÃðð èô¡ð, ¸ððÃðð èô¡ð etc. (241).
It may also be noted that the rare progressive of the simple past (when used as future conditional) is ¡ðÃðð èô¡ð. (322). and See:- The Present Participle represents an action as proceeding or progressing. It is progressive by nature, although with èø and Æðð, ot assumes a terminate chararacter. The Present Participle, therefore, has no need of a fresh Progressive form. However, a èô¡ð is sometimes attached to a Present Participle in order to make it a clear progressive ); the Infinitive has no progressive form; the Progressive forms of compound Verbs are made by putting the Subsidiary Verbs in the progressive, where possible; the Progressive forms of Passive are similarly made by putting ¸ððÐðð in the progressive, where possible.

Verbs Compounded with Nouns or Adjectives

264. (a) There are a number of Nouns and Adjectives which can be combined with Verbs like - ¨îÜÐðð `to do`, èð÷Ððð `to be`, and Ç÷Ððð `to give` for denoting a single verbal idea. Thus:-

êðÙðð `forgiveness` + ¨îÜÐðð `to do` denotes `to forgive`,
ÚððÇ `memory` + èð÷Ððð `to be` denotes `to remember`,
òÇ®ððýá `view, sight` + Ç÷Ððð `to give` denotes `to be seen, to come to view`.

It is important to remember that Nouns or Adjectives, when
combined with a Verb, forego their independent existence and
become a part of the Verb. They have, consequently, no grammatical relation with any other word in the sentence. Thus, in a sentence like Ùðøü ÜðÙð ¨îð÷ êðÙðð ¨îÜÃðð èõû `I forgive Ram`, the Noun êðÙðð is a component of the Verb, and is not related to Ùðøü or ÜðÙð nor is it the object of ¨îÜÐðð. ÜðÙð, obviously, is the object of the Verb êðÙðð ¨îÜÐðð. (because ¨îÜÐðð does
not take two objects), or as a predicative word referring to the
object (because êðÙðð and ÜðÙð do not refer to the same thing. See:-

a) A Verb is a word denoting action, being, or becoming, with some reference to time and manner and used as Predicate (52): `Rama sleeps`; `he reads a book`; `they are my friends`; `he became mad`; `I gave him two books`.

(b) A Verb may be Transitive, or Intransitive (57 and 58) : reads and gave in the above sentences are Transitive, sleeps, are and became are Intransitive.

(c) Some Verbs have two Objects: `I gave him two books` therefore, is the ``Dorect``, or the ``primary`` Object, and him is the ``Indirect`` or the ``Secondary`` Object. (In most of such cases, the Primary Object answers the question ``what?``, and the Secondary Object answers `Whom?`).

(d) A Verb may denote an action as taking place at present: `he is going`; or as having taken place in the past: `he went`; or due to take place in the Future: `he will go`. It may further express a command or a wish: `go there,» `may he be happy`; or ask a question: `Will you come?`

In contrast with the above, in a sentence like Ùðøü Øðð÷¸ðÐð ¨îÜÃðð èõû `I take meal`, Øðð÷¸ðÐð ¨îÜÐðð is not compound since here Øðð÷¸ðÐð is obviously the object of ¨îÜÐðð and has its own existence. In the same way, ¨îðÙð ¨îÜÐðð `to do work` is not a compound since ¨îðÙð does have an independent existence in such sentences as ÙðøüÐð÷ ¡ðÑð¨îð ¨îðÙð ò¨îÚðð `I did your work`
(where ¨îðÙð is related to ¡ðÑð and is not a component of the Verb).

It is not, therefore, justifiable to regard every Verb that is frequently combined with a Noun or an Adjective, as a Compound. The name `Compound (Verb)» must be restricted to the Verbs of the type of êðÙðð ¨îÜÐðð. No rules, however, can be laid down for identifying a true Compound. It is purely a matter of usage.

The verbs most frequently combining with a Noun or an Adjective are ¨îÜÐðð, èð÷Ððð, ¡ðÐðð, ÜèÐðð, ÑðÀÿÐðð and âð±ðÐðð.

some of the frequently combining with a Noun or an Adjective
are ¨îÜÐðð, èð÷Ððð, ¡ðÐðð, ÜèÐðð, ÑðÀÿÐðð and âð±ðÐðð.

Some of the frequently used compounds made with ¨îÜÐðð are:-
çãðó¨îðÜ ¨îÜÐðð `to accept, to admit`,
êðÙðð ¨îÜÐðð `to forgive`,
¡ðÜÙØð (äðôÞ) ¨îÜÐðð `to begin`,
ò×ðÇð ¨îÜÐðð `to see off, to bid farewell to`.

All these are Transitive. The Objects, if animate, have the oblique case with ¨îð÷ (or ¦) ; if inanimate, they are in the direct case:

ÙðøüÐð÷ µðð÷Ü ¨îð÷ êðÙðð ò¨îÚðð `I forgave the thief` (neutral construction),
Ñðð¿ ¡ðÜüØð ¨îÜð÷ `begin the lesson`,
£çðÐð÷ òÙðëð ¨îð÷ ò×ðÇð ò¨îÚðð `he saw the friend off`.
ÚððÇ ¨îÜÐðð `to recall` and ÚððÇ Ü®ðÐðð `to keep in memory` may also be noted [C: ÚððÇ èð÷Ððð or ÜèÐðð, noted under 266 (a) and (d) below.]
ÙðøüÐð÷ ýáäãðÜ ¨îð÷ ÚððÇ ò¨îÚðð `I recalled (i.e. prayed) to God`,
ÜðÙð Ðð÷ Úðè ×ððÃð ÚððÇ Ü®ðó `Ram (always) remembered this`, but
Ùðô»ð÷ ¡ÑðÐð÷ ³ðÜ ¨îó ÚððÇ ¡ðýá `I thought of my home` is not a compound

èð÷Ððð, ¡ðÐðð, âð±ðÐðð and ÜèÐðð form Intransitive compounds are of a passive nature although of active formation. The action, state etc. denoted by them is represented as experienced, suffered, enjoyed, felt etc. by or happening to, the subject which is placed in the oblique case with ¨îð÷ or-¦

Whatever the subject suffers or experiences, or whatever happens to him, is represented as taking place of itself, not as done by anybody. The thing suffered or experienced is placed in the direct case and the Verb agrees with it.

èð÷Ððð forms a large number of such compounds:-

Çô:®ð èð÷Ððð `to feel unhappy`,
çðüÃðð÷æð èð÷Ððð `to feel satisfied`,
¡òÏð¨îðÜ èð÷Ððð `to have (enjoy) the right`,
ÚððÇ èð÷Ððð `to happen to remember`,
ÑðÃðð èð÷Ððð `to happen to know`,
¨îðÙð èð÷Ððð `to have to do`,
èð÷äð èð÷Ððð `to be in senses`,
×ðô®ððÜ èð÷Ððð `to have fever`,
Ùðô»ð÷ ýçð ×ððÃð ÑðÜ Çô:®ð èô¡ð `I felt unhappy (at this)»,
ÜðÙð ¨îð÷ çðüÃðð÷æð èø `Ram is satisfied`,
çð×ð¨îð÷ ¦¨î-çðð ¡òÏð¨îðÜ è ø `all have the same right`,
Ùðô»ð÷ ÚððÇ èø `I remember`,
Ùðô»ð÷ ÑðÃðð èø `I know`,
£çð÷ ×ðèôÃð ¨îðÙð èø `he has a lot to do`,
×ðµµð÷ ¨îð÷ ×ðô®ððÜ èø `the child has fever`,
£çð÷ èð÷äð Ððèóü èø `heis not in his senses (has swooned)».

Note: A few compounds of èð÷Ððð which do not refer to a thing suffered, experienced etc. are Active :

¡ðÜüØð (or äðôÞ) èð÷Ððð `to begin` (Intransitive),
ò×ðÇð èð÷Ððð `to take leave`,
Ùð÷Üó ÑðÁÿðýá ¨îâð äðôÞ èð÷±ðó `my studies will begin to-morrow`,
èÙð òÙðëðð÷ü çð÷ ò×ðÇð èô¦ `we took leave of our friends`.

¡ðÐðð similarly denotes `to get (intrans.)...», ` (to begin) to feel...`:
ªîð÷Ïð (or ±ðôççðð) ¡ðÐðð `to get angry`,
âð¸¸ðð ¡ðÐðð `to (begin to) feel ashamed`,
ÚððÇ ¡ðÐðð `to recall`,
×ðô®ððÜ ¡ðÐðð `to get fever`,
èð÷äð ¡ðÐðð `to come to senses`,
ÇÚðð ¡ðÐðð `to feel pity`,
òÑðÃðð ¨îð÷ ªîð÷Ïð (±ðôççðð) ¡ðÚðð `father got angry`
âðÀÿ¨îó ¨îð÷ âð¸¸ðð ¡ðýá `the girl felt ashamed`,
£çð÷ Üð÷¸ð ×ðô®ððÜ ¡ðÃðð èø `he gets fever everyday`,
Ùððû ¨îð÷ òØð®ððÜó ÑðÜ ÇÚðð ¡ðýá `mother felt pity for the beggar`.

Note: ¨îðÙð ¡ðÐðð `to be of use` = ¨îðÙð Ùð÷ü ¡ðÐðð `to come into use`:
Úðè ò¨îÃðð×ð Ùð÷Ü÷ ò¨îçð ¨îðÙð ¡ð¦±ðó ? `of what use will this book be to me?`

âð±ðÐðð combines with Adjectives as well as with Nouns:

Øðõ®ð âð±ðÐðð `to feel hungry`,
ÑÚððçð âð±ðÐðð `to feel thirsty`,
¡µ¶ð âð±ðÐðð `to like`,
×ðôÜð âð±ðÐðð `to dislike`,
ÑðÃðð âð±ðÐðð `to come to know`.

Note: Adjectives when combined with âð±ðÐðð agree with the object in Gender and Number.

×ðµµð÷ ¨îð÷ Øðõ®ð âð±ðó èø `the child is hungry`,
ÜðÙð ¨îð÷ Òîâð ¡µ¶÷ âð±ðÃð÷ èøü `Ram likes fruits`,
Ùðô»ð÷ äðð÷Ü ×ðôÜð âð±ðÃðð èø `I dislike noise`,
èÙð÷ü ÑðÃðð âð±ðð èø ò¨î ... `we have come to know that...`

ÜèÐðð denotes `continuity`:

ÚððÇ ÜèÐðð `to continue to remember`,
×ðô®ððÜ ÜèÐðð `to have constant fever`,
èð÷äð ÜèÐðð `to remain in senses`,
Ùðô»ð÷ ÚððÇ Üè÷±ðó `I shall always remember`,
£çð÷ ×ðô®ððÜ ÜèÃðð èø `he has constant fever`.

Ç÷Ððð and ÑðÀÿÐðð are combined with certain Abstract Nouns (derived form Verbs) ending in - ¡ðýá [App. I 8 (5)].

òÇ®ððýá Ç÷Ððð or ÑðÀÿÐðð `to come into view, to be seen`,
çðôÐððýá Ç÷Ððð or ÑðÀÿÐðð `to be heard`,
ýçð ¡ûÏð÷Ü÷ Ùðü Ùðô»ð÷ ¨ôî¶ òÇ®ððýá Ððèóü Ç÷Ãðð `I cannot see anything in this darkness`,
ãðÐð Ùð÷ü ¸ððÃð÷ èô¦ £çð÷ ¦¨î äð÷Ü ÷òÇ®ððýá òÇÚðð `he happened to see a lion while going through the forest`.

The Verbs discussed above differ from the normal passive Verbs in as much as the latter are formed by combining a past participle with the subsidiary ¸ððÐðð (or are passive by nature) and have their logical subject always in the oblique form with çð÷. Also, the normal passives denote action on the part of their logical subject, not experience.

See next chapter.

The following exceptional compounds are noteworthy:- ÑðÀÿÐðð is also combined withthe roots Ç÷®ð (Çó®ð), çðôÐð and ¸ððÐð and with the Adjective ÙððâðõÙð `known` (and has the same sense as in 267) :

Ç÷®ð or Çó®ð ÑðÀÿÐðð = òÇ®ððýá ÑðÀÿÐðð `to be seen`,
çðôÐð ÑðÀÿÐðð = çðôÐððýá ÑðÀÿÐðð `to be heard`,
¸ððÐð ÑðÀÿÐðð and ÙððâðõÙð ÑðÀÿÐðð (èð÷Ððð) denote `to seem` or `to become known;"
¦÷çðð ¸ððÐð ÑðÀÿÃðð èø...... `it seems that......`
Úðè ×ððÃð Ùðô»ð÷ ¡×ð ÙððâðõÙð èôýá `I came to know this only now`. (lit. `this became known to me only now)»,

Çó®ðÐðð `to be seen` can combine with any object; it has the same sense as òÇ®ððýá Ç÷Ððð (òÇ®ðÐðð is dialectic and should be avoided). òÙðâðÐðð `to meet`, when combined with an object, has a passive sense,
`to be found or obtained or given or to be met`:
Ùðô»ð÷ çðÀÿ¨î ÑðÜ ¦¨î ÝÑðÚðð ÑðÀÿð òÙðâðð `I found a rupee (lying) on the road`,
Úðè ò¨îÃðð×ð Ùðô»ð÷ ýÐððÙð Ùð÷ü òÙðâðó `I got this book as a prize`,
ÜðÙð ¨îð÷ ¨îÀÿó çð¸ðð òÙðâðó `a severe punishment was given to Ram`,
Ùðô»ð÷ ç¾÷äðÐð ÑðÜ ¡ÑðÐðð òÙðëð òÙðâðð `I happened to meet my friend at the station`,
But, Ùðøü ¡ÑðÐð÷ òÙðëð çð÷ òÙðâðð `I met (visited) my friend`. ©Úðð èô¡ð? denotes `what happened (to) ....?`:

×ðµµð÷ ¨îð÷ ©Úðð èô¡ð? `what happened to the child?`
Similarly, ¨ôî¶ èô¡ð `something happened (to)......»

(a) ÑðÀÿÐðð and èð÷Ððð (and the substantive Æðð) combine with infinitives (as already noted 238) and denote `necessity, obligation, requirement` etc. The compounds thus made are passive in meaning. The subject has

ÜðÙð ¨îð÷ ¸ððÐðð ÑðÀÿð `Ram had to go`,
Ùðô»ð÷ ×ðü×ðýá ¸ððÐðð èð÷±ðð `I shall have to go to Bombay`.
Ðððø¨îÜ ¨îð÷ ×ðð¸ððÜ ¸ððÐðð Æðð `the servant hjad to go to the market`.
The Infinitives here are used as Abstract Nouns.

However, when an Infinitive is Transitive, it is used as an Adjective to its object and changes its ending -Ððð to-Ððó or - ne according as the object is Feminine (sg. or pl.) or Masculine pl. The subsidiaries also agree with the object in Number and Gender :

âðÀÿ¨÷î ¨îð÷ Çãðð ÑðóÐðó ÑðÀÿ÷±ðó `the boy will have to take medicine`,
Ùðô»ð÷ ÃðóÐð Ñðëð òâð®ðÐð÷ Æð÷ `I had to write three letters`.

Note: It is not correct to say ×ðµµð÷ ¨îð÷ Çãðð ÑðóÐðó ÑðÀÿó or Ùðô»ð÷ ÃðóÐð Ñðëð òâð®ðÐðð Æðð as is sometimes done on the analogy of Intransitive Infinitives (¸ððÐðð ÑðÀÿ÷±ðð, ¸ððÐðð Æðð etc. [see (a) above] which are Nouns.

(c)µððòè¦ `is wanted` or `ought to be.....` is a true passive (see 277) It can be combined with a Noun in the first sense (`is wanted`) and with an Infinitive (noun, if Intransitive and Adjective, if
Transitive) in the second sense. The subject has ¨îð÷ (or-¦)

ÜðÙð ¨îð÷ ò¨îÃðð×ð÷ü µððòè¦ `Ram wants books` (literally, books are wanted by (for) Ram)»,

ÃðôÙè÷ü ©Úðð µððòè¦ `what do you want ? (What is wanted by you ?),
¡ðÑð¨îð÷ ¸ððÐðð µððòè¦ `you ought togo` (Infinitive Noun),
¡ðÑð¨îð÷ ò¨îÃðð×ð÷ü ÑðÁÿÐðó µððòè¦ `you ought to read books` (Infinitive Adjective).

Note: (i) ò¨îÃðð×ð÷ ÑðÁÿÐðð µððòè¦ is as incorrect as Çãðð ÑðóÐðð ÑðÀÿð

However, µððòè¦ does not modify (asÑðÁÿÐðð and èð÷Ððð do). µððòè¦û as a plural of µððòè¦ (¡ðÑð¨îð÷ ò¨îÃðð×ð÷ü ÑðÁÿÐðó µððòè¦û) is occasionally met with, but had better be doscarded ¡ðÐðð in the sense `to be known` usually combines with Infinitives and some pronouns like ©Úðð, ¨ô¶ etc. :

ÃðôÙð¨îð÷ ÑðÁÿÐðð ¡ðÃðð èø? `do you know how to read?`
Ùðô»ð÷ ¨ôî¶ Ððèóü ¡ðÃðð `I know nothing`,
âðÀÿ¨÷î ¨îð÷ ×ðð÷âðÐðð Øðó Ððèóü ¡ðÃðð `the boy doesn`t even know how to speak`.