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(c) ¸ððÐðð `to go` indicates `completion` besides making passives (Chapter XIV):
Ùðøü çð×ð ÇõÏð Ñðó ¸ðð¤û±ðð `I shall drink off the entire milk`,
ãðè ÑðõÜó ò¨îÃðð×ð ÑðÁÿ ±ðÚðð `he read the entire book`,
çðóÃðð ¡ð ±ðýá `Sita has come`.
In some cases, ¸ððÐðð retains part of its own meaning besides
denoting completion:
Ðððø¨îÜ ¡ÑðÐðð ¨îðÙð ¨îÜ ±ðÚðð èø `the servant has done his work and gone`,
Ïðð÷×ðó ¨îÑðÀ÷ âð÷ ±ðÚðð `the washerman took away the clothes`.
(d) £¿Ððð `to arise, to get up` indicates ` (suddenly) start to....`
ãðè ±ð𠣿ð ` (suddenly) he started singing`,
×ðµµðð Üð÷ £¿ð `the child (suddenly, unexpectedly) started crying`.
(e) ×ðø¿Ððð `to sit` indicates `to do something (undesirable in desperation, without forethougth, or suddenly, or completely, or forcibly`:
£çð÷ Ãðü±ð ÙðÃð ¨îÜð÷, Ððèóü Ãðð÷ ÙððÜ ×ðø¿÷±ðð `do not bother him otherwise he
will (get desperate and) strike`,
Ùðøü Úðè ©Úðð ¨îÜ ×ðø¿ð `what (aweful thing) have I done`!
ãðè £¿ ×ðø¿ð he suddenly got up`,
(f) âð÷Ððð `to take` denotes `completnion` of some action, mainly `for in the interest of oneself`:
ÙðøÐð÷ ®ðð òâðÚðð ` I have taken my meal`,
çðð÷ âð÷Ððð `to finish off sleeping`,
Üð÷ âð÷Ððð `to finish off crying`,
âð÷ âð÷Ððð `to take away (for oneself)»,
The compound èð÷ âð÷Ððð `to be completed` is passive.
Úðè ¨îðÙð èð÷ âð÷, Ãð×ð èÙð ¶âð÷ü±ð÷ `we shall go after this work is done`.
However, in the phrase çððÆð èð÷ âð÷Ððð `to accompany`, it is Active:
Ùðø £çð¨÷î çððÆð èð÷ òâðÚðð `I accompanied him`. (g) Ç÷Ððð `to give`denotes `completion` of an action `for someone else`;
ÙðøÐð÷ ¡ðÑð¨îð ¨îðÙð ¨îÜ òÇÚðð `I (have) completed your work (for you)»;
ãðè Ùðô»ð÷ ¡ÑðÐðó ò¨îÃðð×ð Ç÷ Ç÷±ðð `he will give (away) his book to me`; (Ç÷Ððð as main, as well as subsidiary).
Ç÷Ððð may also denote `to start to .....`. with an Intransitive main verb:
ãðè Üð÷ òÇÚðð `he started crying`,
ãðè µðâð òÇÚðð `he started to go`.
Notice the difference;
ÙðøÐð÷ Ñðëð ÑðÁÿ òâðÚðð `I read the letter`,
ÙðøÐð÷ Ñðëð ÑðÁÿ òÇÚðð `I read out the letter (for someone who could not
or would not read it himself)».
(h) Ñð´Ððð `to fall` denotes ` suddenness, chance, happening`:
ãðè èûçð ÑðÀÿð `he burst out laughing`,
Ùðø ò±ðÜ ÑðÀÿð `I fell down (happening`:
It also makes passives with the added sense of `happening`:
¦÷çðð ¸ððÐð ÑðÀÿÃðð èø `it seems.........`,
ÇõÜ ÑðÜ ÑðèðÀÿ Çó®ð ÑðÀÿð ` at a distance, a mountain come into view`,
¡ð ÑðÀÿÐðð means `to befall, to happen to come (unexpectedly)».
×ðÐð `to be made` + ÑðÀÿÐðð means `to be possibole`:
Ùðô»ðçð÷ ¸ðð÷ ×ðÐð ÑðÀÿ ÙðøüÐð÷ ò¨îÚðð `I did whateverv I could`.

ÀðâðÐðð `to throw, is combined with Transitive Verbs and indicates `completion` with vehemence and within a short time:
£çðÐð÷ Ñð÷Àÿ ¨îð¾ Àðâðð `he cut away the tree`,
×ðµµð÷ Ðð÷ äðóäðð Ãðð÷Àÿ Àðâðð `the child broke the mirror to pieces`.
Similarly, ÙððÜ ÀðâðÐðð `to kill off`, ®ðð ÀðâðÐðð `eat up`,
Ñðó ÀðâðÐðð `to drink off` etc.
(j) ÜèÐðð `to live, to continue, is sused for forming the progressive
aspect. See :-

(a) ÜèÐðð as stated above (256-i 260 261-e and k) can be combined with a main Verb which is eighter in the asbsolutive (root) form, or in the present form or in the participle form: ãðè ¸ðð Üè ð èø `he is going`, ãðè ¸ððÃðð ÜèÃðð èø `he keeps going (habitually), ãðè ×ðø¿ð ÜèÃðð èø `he keeps sitting`, ãðè ¨ ð÷¾ ÑðèÐð÷ ÜèÃðð èø `he keeps wearing a coat,

(b)of these, (1) alone dontes an action in progress or in process not yet complited. of the other three forms, (2) denotes a habit (not an action in progress), while (3) and (4) denote continuity of a state. Only (1), therefore, can form the progressive aspect.

(c) It is to be noted that, while (2), (3) and (4) can be used in all Tenses and Moods (¸ððÃðð Üè÷±ðð, µðâðÃðð Üèð, ×ðø¿÷ Üè÷, ÑðèÐð÷ Üèð èð÷Ãðð etc.) in the progressive sense, the Subsidiary ÜèÐðð is always in the past participle form (with the usual fem. and pl. modifications). Besides, it can be used only in the present and the habitual past (¸ðð Üèð èø - ¸ðð Üèð Æðð) or in the Subjective forms ¡ðÃðð èð÷, ¡ðÃðð èð÷Ãðð, ¡ðÃðð èð÷±ðð, ¡ð Üèð èð÷, ¡ð Üèð èð÷Ãðð, ¡ð Üèð èð÷±ðð.

(d) In fact, ¡ð Üèð is to be regarded as a past participle form of the compound ¡ð + ÜèÐðð, and as equivalent to ¡ðÃðð èô¡ð. This is clear from the fact that a present participle when used as an Adjective denotes the progressive aspect with the help of forms like ¡ðÃðð èô¡ð, ¸ððÃðð èô¡ð etc. (241).
It may also be noted that the rare progressive of the simple past (when used as future conditional) is ¡ðÃðð èô¡ð. (322).

(e) It is evident from the above that Hindi Verbs have a regular progressive form only in those Tenses and Moods which are made with the help of a present participle. These are :-

ãðè ¸ððÃðð èø (¸ðð Üèð èø) Present Indicative,
ãðè ¸ððÃðð Æðð (¸ðð Üèð Æðð) Habitual Past-Indicative,
ãðè ¸ððÃðð èð÷ (¸ðð Üèð èð÷) Present Potential,
ãðè ¸ððÃðð èð÷Ãðð (¸ðð Üèð èð÷Ãðð) Present Contingent,
ãðè ¸ððÃðð èð÷±ðð (¸ðð Üèð èð÷±ðð) Present Presumptive.

The Üèð forms in these Tenses are, of course, of the nature of a compound Verb. But having a special form and being so frequently used, they are on par with the common forms (¸ððÃðð èø etc.).
(k) òÐð¨îâðÐðð `to emerge, to come out` denotes `to happen to....`, to start to.....`:
±ððÀÿó µðâð òÐð¨îâðó `the carriage started moving`,
Ùð÷Üð òÙðëð ýÏðÜ ¡ð òÐð¨îâðð `my friend happened to come this side`.
(l) çð¨îÐðð, which is not used independently, denotes `to be able to......`
This is one of the most frequently used subsidiaries (intransitive):
Ùðøü ±ðð çð¨îÃðð èõû `I can sing`,
©Úðð ãðè ¡ð çð¨÷î±ðð `will he be able to come?`.
(m) µðô¨îÐðð `to be finished or exhausted` (passive) denotes `completion`.
As a Subsidiary, it is Active and Intransitive:
ãðè ¸ð×ð ÑðÁÿ µðô¨îð, Ãð×𠣿ð `he got up only after he had finished reading`,
¨îâð Ãð¨î Ùðøü Úðè ¨îðÙð ¨îÜ µðô¨õûî±ðð `I shall have finished this work by to-morrow`.
(n) ÙðÜÐðð `to die`, is, as a Subsidiary, combined with such main
Verbs as ¸ðâð - `burn`, Àõ×ð - `be drowned`;
ãðè ¸ðâð ÙðÜð `he was burnt (or burnt himself) to death`,
ãðè Àõ×ð ÙðÜð `he drowned himself`.
¡ð ÙðÜÐðð and ¸ðð ÙðÜÐðð denote unwanted or undersirable coming and going.
(o) ÙððÜÐðð `to beat or kill` as a Subsidiary denotes `thoughtlessness` or `carelessness`:
ÃðôÙðÐð÷ Úðè ©Úðð òâð®ð ÙððÜð ? `what non-sense have you written?` (p) ÑððÐðð `to find, to obtain` is synonymous with çð¨îÐðð `The subject, however, does not attach ¨îð÷ (or-¦):
ãðè äððÙð Ãð¨î Ððèóü ¡ð Ñðð¦±ðð `he will not be able to come bythis evening`,
Ùðøü ¡ÑðÐðð ¨îðÙð Ððèóü ¨îÜ ÑððÚðð `I could not do my work`.
(q) µðâðÐðð `to move` as a Subsidiary denotes `beginning`;
ÜðÃð÷ü âðü×ðó èð÷ µðâðóü `nights began growing longer`,
ãðè ×ðôÀþÁð èð÷ µðâðð `he is growing old`.
(r) Ü®ðÐðð `to keep, to place, as a Subsidiary debites `priority or
precedence (in time)»:

ÙðøüÐð÷ Ñðëð òâð®ð Ü®ðð èø `I have kept the letter ready (written)»:
ÙðøüÐð÷ Ðððø¨îÜ çð÷ ¨îè Ü®ðð èø `I have given standing instructions to the servant`.

Main Verb: Infinitive

257. This group can be divided into two sub-groups-

where the main Verb has an unodified infinitive form and where the main Verb has the oblique form (i.e. - Ðð÷ instead of - Ððð of the Infinitive).

258. The more important subsidiaries combined with a main Verb
in unmodified Infinitive form are as follows:-

µððèÐðð `to want` retains its meaning. See :-The abstract idea represented by an Infinitive being ``inanimate``, It is not usual to attach ¨îð÷ when the Infinitive is used as an object. It does, however, attach ¨îð÷ for signifying ``for the purpose of`` or ``with a view to``. THe ¨îð÷ is occasionally replaced by ¨÷î òâðÚð÷ (see : - a.The following are used with ¨÷î (or - Ü÷) :-
¡ÐÇÜ `within` (³ðÜ ¨÷î ¡ÐÇÜ) ¡ÐðôçððÜ `according to` (£çð¨÷î ¡ÐðôçððÜ) ¡ð±ð÷ `facing, in front of, çððÙðÐð÷ `in front of` (çð×ð¨÷î çððÙðÐð÷) beyond` (Ùð÷Ü÷ ¡ð±ð÷) Ñðó¶÷ `behind` (³ðÜ ¨÷î Ñðó¶÷) ¤ÑðÜ `above, upon` (Ùð÷¸ð ¨÷î ¤ÑðÜ) Ððóµð÷ `below, under` (Ñð÷Àÿ ¨÷î Ððóµð÷÷) Ñððçð `near, with` (ç¾÷äðÐð ¨÷î Ñððçð, Ùð÷Ü÷ Ñððçð) ¡ðçðÑððçð `around (äðèÜ ¨÷î ¡ðçðÑððçð) ØðóÃðÜ `within, in` (¨îÙðÜ÷ ¨÷î ØðóÃðÜ)
Ñðèâð÷ `before` (çðð÷Ðð÷ ¨÷î Ñðèâð÷) ×ððÇ `after` (£¿Ðð÷ ¨÷î ×ððÇ)
ÑððÜ `across` (ÐðÇó ¨÷î ÑððÜ) èðÆð or ÎðÜð `through` (Ðððø¨îÜ ¨÷î èðÆð, ÎðÜð) òâð¦ or ãððçÃð÷ `for` (ò¨îçð¨÷î òâð¦) òçðãðð or òçðãððÚð `except` (Ùð÷Ü÷ òçðãððÚð) ò×ðÐðð `without`, (£çð¨÷î ò×ðÐðð) ¡òÃðòÜ©ÃðÐð or ¡âððãðð `besides` (ÏðÐð ¨÷ ¡òÃðòÜ©Ãð) ×ðÇâð÷ `instead of` (çðô®ð ¨÷î ×ðÇâð÷) ×ðÜð×ðÜ `equal` (Ùð÷Ü÷ ×ðÜð×ðÜ)òãðÝÊ `against` (òÐðÚðÙð ¨÷î òãðÝÊ) Úðð÷±Úð or âððÚð¨î `worthy` (ÃðôÙèðÜ÷ Úðð÷±Úð, âððÚð¨î)òãðÑðÜóÃð `contrary to` (ýçð¨÷î òãðÑðÜóÃð) çððÆð `with (Ùð÷Ü÷ çððÆð)Úðèðû ` (live) with or, `at the place ¨îðÜÂð `because of` (Ùð÷Ü÷ ¨îðÜÂð) of` (Ùð÷Ü÷ Úðèðü `at the place) ×ððÜ÷ Ùð÷ü `about, concerning` (ÑðÁÿÐð÷ ¨÷î ×ððÜ÷ Ùð÷ü). ÙððÜ÷ `on account of` (Øðõ®ð ¨÷î ÙððÜ÷)

and both ¨îð÷and ¨÷î òâðÚð÷ may be omitted when the Infinitive is followed by the Verb ¡ð `come` and ¸ðð `go`

Note (i) Infinitives are frequently used in combination with the root µððè `want`:

¡ðÐðð, ÑðóÐðð etc. in such sentences may be regarded as the objects of µððè
Ùðøü ¸ððÐðð µððèÃðð èõü `I want to go`,
âðÀÿ¨îð ±ð÷üÇ çð÷ ®ð÷âðÐðð µððèÃðð èø `the boy wants to play with a ball`.
Ççð ×ð¸ðÐðð µððèÃð÷ èøü [also ×ð¸ðð µððèÃð÷ èøü (See :- The main Varb as past participle is affected by the Number and Gender of the subject, or of the object.

The important subsidiaries are as follows :-

¡ðÐðð retains its meaning (`to come`), while denoting `imminence` or `immediacy`:

äðëðô µðÁÿð ¡ðÃðð èø `the enemy is advancing (on us)»,
×ððÇâð ò³ðÜ÷ ¡ðÃð÷ èø `clouds are fast gathering`.
µðâðð ¡ðÐðð means `to come away` or `to come this way`.

¸ððÐðð combined with an Intransitive main Verb denotes
`going to...` `about to.....`

Ùðøü ÇÇá çð÷ ÙðÜð ¸ðð Üèð èõûü `I am about to die of pain`,
±ððÀÿó ¡Øðó ¡ðýá ¸ððÃðó èø `the train is about to come`.
µðâðð ¸ððÐðð means `to go away`.

This use of ¸ððÐðð with a past participle is not to be confused with the passive forms, (272).

ÑðÀÿÐðð `to fall down` is usually combined with Verbs having a
similar meaning, viz. `to fall down` and denotes `about to ....`, `going to...`:

âðÀÿ¨îó ò±ðÜó ÑðÀÿÃðó èø `the girl is about to fall down`,
Ùðøü ÐðÇó Ùð÷ü ¨õîÇð ÑðÀÿÃðð èõû `I am going to jump into the river`,

¨îÜÐðð denotes `frequency` or habitual action`:

ÏÚððÐð çð÷ ÑðÁÿð ¨îÜð÷ ` (make it a habit to) read attentively`,
Ç÷®ð ¨îÜ µðâðð ¨îÜð÷ ` (always) look about when you walk`.

ÜèÐðð combined with a past participle (having a passive sense)
denotes `continuity of a state`:

ãðè ®ðð¾ ÑðÜ ÑðÀÿð Üèð `he kept lying on the bed`,
ò¨îÃðð×ð Ùð÷¸ð ÑðÜ Ü®ðó ÜèÃðó èø `the book is always lying on the table`.

µððèÐðð `to want` denotes `imminence`:

ãðæððá ¡ðÚðð µððèÃðó èø `it is about to start raining`,
Ççð ×ð¸ðð µððèÃð÷ èøü it is about to strike ten`.

With the following subsidiaries, the main Verb has the oblique
form of the Past participle:-

¸ððÐðð denotes `continuity or imminent completion`:

¡ÑðÐðð ¨îðÙð ò¨î¦ ¸ðð¡ð÷ `continue to do your work`,
çððûÑð Ùð÷üÁÿ¨î ¨îð÷ òÐð±ðâð÷ ¸ððÃðð èø `the snake is about to swallow up the frog`.
ãðè Ùð÷Üó ò¨îÃðð×ð÷ü òâ𦠸ððÃðð èø ` he is taking away my books`.

âð÷Ððð denotes `imminent completion of something for oneself`:

Ùðøü Úðè Ñðð¿ ¡Øðó ÑðÁÿ÷ âð÷Ãðð èõû `I shall read this lesson in no time,»
ãðè çð×ð ®ððÐðð ®ðð¦ âð÷Ãðð èø `he is about to finish off the entire food`.

Ç÷Ððð similarly denotes `imminent completion of an action for some one else`:

Ùðøü ¡ðÑð¨îð ¨îðÙð ¡Øðó ò¨î¦ Ç÷Ãðð èõû `I shall finish your work in no time`.

(j) ÀðâðÐðð denotes `imminent completion`:

Àð¨õî Ùðô»ð÷ ÙððÜ÷ ÀðâðÃð÷ èøü `the robbers are about to kill me`,

ÜèÐðð denotes `continuity of a state or of a completed action`:

ãðè çðÇð òÑð¦ ÜèÃðð èø `he is always drunk`,
ãðè ¨îð÷¾ ÑðèÐð÷ ÜèÃðð èø he always has a coat on`.,) `it is about to strike ten`.
[lit. `the ten (hours) want to strike`]. With the Verbs ÑðÀÿÐðð, èð÷Ððð and µððòè¦, the Infinitive is used as an Adjective. See:- The Infinitive is used as an Adjective only in combination with a few Verbs denoting obligation, necessity, requirement, compulsion etc. èð÷, Æðð, ÑðÀÿð and µððòè¦ are the Verbs most frequently used in this sense. The subject in such cases has ¨îð÷ (or ¦ in Pronouns 97-a), and the Infinitive has Ððð, Ððó or Ðð÷, according as the object is Masc. sg. or Masc. Pl.:

and See:-