Геологические эпохи, упомянутые в тексте

 

Название эпохи	Время, в миллионах лет назад(м.л.н.)	Важные события, произошедшие на Северо-Западе
	Настоящее время	Истощение и вымирание Oncorhynchus
Голоцен	Началась 0.01 м.л.н.	Озеро Миссула освободило поток ледяного пласта Кордильер и Висконсинский ледниковый период
Плейстоцен	Началась 2 м.л.н.	Возникла существующая и поныне речная система Делится родовая линия лососевых
Плиоцен	Началась 5 м.л.н.	Сформировались дренажные бассейны
Миоцен	Началась 24 м.л.н.	Лава протекла через Северо-Запад Возник род Oncorhynchus Жил саблезубый сальмон Океан начал остывать Северо-Западное побережье начало приобретать нынешнюю форму
Олигоцен	Началась 36 м.л.н.	Вероятно возникла анадромия
Эоцен	Началась 58 м.л.н.	Eosalmo driftwoodenis Телеосты доминируют на западе Северной Америки Океан теплеет и становится менее продуктивным Вулканические острова ломают береговую линию – будущие горы Кламат
Палеоцен	Началась 63 м.л.н.

 

Источник: Альт и Хиндман 1995; Крукеберг 1991.

 

 

Примечания

Введение

1. D. R. Croes и S. Hackenberger, Hoko River Archaeological Complex: Modeling Prehistoric Northwest Coast Economic Evolution, in Research in Economic Anthropology, под ред. B, L. Isaac (Greenwich, CT: [Al Press, 1988), стр. 19-85.

2. H. Fish, Tracks, Trails, and Tales in Clallam County, State of Washington (Port Angeles, WA: Olympic Printers, 1983).

3. Великолепное описание исторических корней такого подхода можно найти в работе Tim Smith Scaling Fisheries (New York: Cambridge University Ptess, 1994). Даже замечательные биологи лосося, такие как W. E Thompson отстаивали узкий подход к исследованию и управлению. Thompson говорил, расширять изучение рыбы в ее среде обитания – то же самое, что «делать туннель в горе, срывая ее целиком».W. E Thompson, The Marine fisheries, the Stale and the Biologist, The Scientific Monthly 15: 542-550 (1922).

4. B. Dietrich, A Ciearcut Case, Seattle Times, May 10, 1990.

5. Dietrich, A Clearcut Case.

6. «Merrill-Ring Corporation» также владеет землей в бассейне Пишта. В дни, когда моя работа привела меня на эту реку, компания гениально пыталась объединить охрану рыбы и животного мира и управление своим лесным хозяйством.

7. D. Worster, Rivers of Empire (New York: Pantheon Books, 1985).

8. T. Egan, 7 he Good Rain: Across Time and Terrain in the Pacific Northwest (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1990).

 

Глава 1

1. E. Gunther, A Further Analysis of the First Salmon Ceremony, Anthropology 2(5): 129-173 (1928).

2. E. Mayr, Toward a New Philosophy of Biology: Observations of an Evolutionist (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988),

3. P. B. Movie и J. J. Cech, Jr., Fishes: An Introduction So Ichthyology (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982); см. также E. H. Colbert, Evolution of the Vertebrates: A History of the Backboned Animals through Time (New York: Science Edition, John Wiley and Sons, 1966).

4. W. L, Minckley, D. A. Hendrickson, и C. E. Bond, Geography of Western North American Freshwater fishes: Description and Relationships to Intra-continental Tectonism, in The Zoogeography of North American Freshwater Fishes, под ред. C. H. Hocvitt и E, O. Wiley (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1986), стр. 519-613.

5. R. J. Behnke, Native Trout of Western North America, American Fisheries Society Monograph 6, Bethesda, MD, 1992.

6. T. M. Lavender, Review of the Fossil History of North American Freshwater Fishes, in The Zoogeography of North American Freshwater Fishes, под ред. C. H. Hocus и E. O. Wiley (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1986), стр. 699-725; см. также Behnke, Native Trout of Western North America.

7. R. F. Stearley, Historical Ecology of Salmonidae, with Special Reference to Oncorhynchus, in Systematic*, Historical Ecology, and North American Freshwater Fishes, под ред . R, L. Mayden (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1992), стр. 622—658; см. также J. E.Thorpe, Migration in Salrnonids. With Special Reference to Juvenile Movements in Freshwater, in Proceedings of the Salmon and Trout Migratory Behavior Symposium, под ред . E. L. Brannon и E. O. Salo (Seattle: University of Washington, 1982), стр. 86-97.

Stearley изучал историю миграционного поведения лососевых и убедительно доказал пресноводное происхождение тихоокеанских лососей. Он сделал вывод, что тихоокеанский и атлантический лососи выработали анадромизм скорее самостоятельно, чем унаследовали от общего предка. Однако, не далее, как в 1981 году Thorpe доказывал океанское происхождение тихоокеанского лосося.

8. Stearley, Historical Ecology of Salrnomdae.

9. R. M. Love, The Chemical Biology of Fishes: With a Key to the Chemical Literature (London: Academic Press, 1970).

10. Love, The Chemical Biology of Fishes,

11. Thorpe, Migration in Salmonids.

12. M. R. Gross, R. M. Coleman, и R. M. McDowall, Aquatic Productivity and the Evolution of Diadromous Fish Migration, Science 239: 1291-1-(1988); см. также R. M. McDowall, The Occurrence and Distribution or Diadromy among Fishes, in Common Strategies ofAnadromous and Catadromous Fishes, под ред. M. J. Dadswell and five others, American Fisheries Society Symposium 1, Bethesda, MD, 1987, стр. 1-13.

13. Stearley, Historical Ecology of Salmonidae.

14. R. E. Bilby, B. R. Fransen, P. A. Bisson, Incorporation of Nitrogen and Carbon from Spawning Coho Salmon into the Trophic System of Small Streams: Evidence from Stable Isotopes, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 53(1): 164-173 (1996); см. также G. A. Larkin и P. A, Slaney, Implications of Trends in Marine-Derived Nutrient Influx to South Coastal British Columbia Salmonid Production, Fisheries 22(11): 16—24 (1997).

15. Stearley, Historical Ecology of Salmonidae.

16. C. A. Frissell, Evolution of the Salmonid Fishes: Zoogeography and the Fossil Record, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, 1989.

17. Cavender, Review of the Fossil History.

18. Stearley помещает саблезубого лосося в род Oncorhynchus (Stearley, Historical Ecology of Salmonidae).

19. Cavender, Review of the Fossil History; см. также T. M. Cavender и R. R, Miller, Smilodomchthys rastrosus: A New Pliocene Salmonid Fish from the Western United States, Bulletin No. 18, Museum of Natural History, University of Oregon, Eugene, 1972.

20. Minckley et al., Geography of Western North American Freshwater Fishes; см. также E. L. Orr, W, N. Orr, и E. M. Baldwin, Geology of Oregon, Fourth Edition (Dubuque, LA: Kendall-Hunt Publishing Company, 1992); и B. McKec, Cascadia: The Geologic Evolution of the Pacific Northwest (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1972).

21. McKee, Cascadia; см. также Orr et al., Geology of Oregon, and Minckley et al., Geography of Western North American Freshwater Fishes.

22. Orr et al., Geology of Oregon; см. также McKee, Cascadia.

23. W. K. Thomas, R, E. Withler, и A. T. Beckenbach, Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of Pacific Salmonid Evolution, Canadian Journal of Zoology 64: 1058-1064 (1986).

24. McKee, Cascadia; см. также E. C. Pieiou, After the Ice Age: The Return of Life to Glaciated North America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991). Оледенение наступало каждые 100,000 лет, что известно, как цикл Миланковича — ледники наступали на 60,000-90,000 лет, разделенные межледниковыми периодами, длящимися 10,000-40,000 лет. Пик нынешнего межледникового периода прошел около 10,000 лет назад, так что мы уже прошли половину пути к следующему ледниковому периоду: см. также J. D. McPhail и C. C. Lindsey, Freshwater Fishes of Northwestern Canada and Alaska, Bulletin No. 173, Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Ottawa, 1970; и M. C. Healey, Variation in the Life History Characteristics of Chinook Salmon and Its Relevance to Conservation of the Sacramento Winter Run of Chinook Salmon, Conservation Biology 8(3): 876-877 (1994).

25. J. E. Allen, M. Burns, и S. C. Sargent, Cataclysms on the Columbia: A Layman's Guide to the Features Produced by the Catastrophic Bretz Floods in the Pacific Northwest (Portland, OR: Timber Press, 1991).

26. Allen, Burns, и Sargenr, Cataclysms on the Columbia.

27. Orr et al., Geology of Oregon.

28. C. L. Camp, Earth Song: A Prologue to History (Palo Alto, CA: American West Publishing Company, 1970).

29. Я сделал вывод о низком уровне продуктивности во времена жаркого, сухого климата из свидетельств потребления лосося коренными американцами, см. главу 3.

30. C. C. Lindsey и J. D. McPhail, Zoogeography of Fishes of the Yukon and Mackenzie Basins, в The Zoogeography of North American Freshwater Fish под ред. C. H. Hocutt и E. O. Wiley (New York: John Wiley and .Sons, 1986), стр. 639-674; см. также J. D. McPhail и C. C. Lindsey, Zoogeography of Freshwater Fishes of Cascadia (the Columbia System and Rivers North to Stikine), в The Zoogeography of North American Freshwater Fishes, под ред . C. H. Hocutt и E. O. Wiley (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1986), стр. 615—637. Выражение «органическая машина» я взял из книги историка Richard White о Колумбии. R. White. The Organic Machine (New York Hill and Wang, 1995).

31. L. Benda and three others, Morphology and Evolution of Salmonid Habitats in a Recently Deglaciated River Basin, Washington State, USA, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 49: 1246-1256 (1992).

32. Benda et al., Morphology and Evolution of Salmonid Habitats.

33. W. Nehlsen, J. Lichatowich, J. Williams, Pacific Salmon and the Search for Sustainability. Renewable Resources Journal 10(2); 20-26 (1992); R Bakkala, Synopsis of Biological Data on the Chum Salmon, Oncorhynchus keta (Walbaum) 1792, FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 41, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Circular 315, Washington, DC, 1970; H. Gunnarsdottir, Scale Patterns Indicate Changes, in Use of Rearing Habitat by Juvenile Coho Salmon. Qncorhynchus kisutch, from 1955 to 1984 in theTenmile Lakes, Oregon. MS thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, 1992; и R. Burgner, Life History of the Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), in Pacific Salmon Life Htstories, под ред . C. Groor и R. Margolis (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1991), стр. 3-117.

34. M. C. Healey и A. Prince, Scales of Variation in Life History Tactics of Pacific Salmon and the Conservation of Phenotype and Genotype, in Evolution and the Aquatic Ecosystem: Defining Unique Units in Population Conservation, под ред. J. L. Nielsen и D. A. Powers, American Fisheries Society Symposium 17, Bethesda, MD, 1995, стр. 176-184.

35. W. F. Thompson, An Approach to Population Dynamics of the Pacific Red Salmon, Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 88(3); 206-209 (1959).

 

 

Глава 2

1. Это описание – фантазия, созданная мною после прочтения литературы по археологии и истории окружающей среды на реке Колумбия в постледниковый период, чтобы проиллюстрировать некоторые идеи события, обсуждаемые в главах 1 и 2.

2. B. M. Fagan, The Great Journey: The Peopling of Ancient America (Nev-York: Thames and Hudson, 1987), стр. 144; и K. R. Fladmark, Times and Places: Environmental Correlates of Mid-to-late Wisconsinan Human Population Expansion in North America, in Early Man in the New World, под ред. R. Shutler, Jr. (Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1983), стр. 13-41.

3. E. C. Pielou, After the Ice Age: The Return of Life to Glaciated North America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991).

4. P. S. Martin и H. E. Wright, Jr. (eds.), Pleistocene Extinctions. The Search for a Cause (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1967), Таблица 1, стр. 82; и T. F. Flannery, The Future Eaters: An Ecological History of the Australasian Lands and Peoples (New South Wales, Australia: Reed Books, 1994), стр. 236.

5. A. J. Jelinek, Man's Role in the Extinction of Pleistocene Faunas, in Pleistocene Extinctions: The Search for a Cause, под ред. E S. Martin и H. E. Wright, Jr. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1967), стр. 193-200; смотрите также другие работы под ред. Martin и Wtight, Pleistocene Extinctions; смотрите Flannery, The Future Eaters. Археологи спорят о причинах вымирания гигантских млекопитающих, причем большая часть разделилась на группы, придерживающиеся двух гипотез. Одна говорит, что причиной стали постледниковые перемены климата; другая указывает на хищничество человека. Слабина гипотезы климата во времени исчезновения мегафауны в мире. Хотя постледниковые изменения климата произошли одновременно по всему миру, вымирание происходило в разное время: около 35,000 лет назад в Австралии, всего 800 лет назад в Новой Зеландии, и около 12,000 лет назад в Северной Америке и северной Европе. Однако, есть нечто общее в исчезновении мегафауны, оно произошло вскоре после прибытия современного человека. В целом, гипотеза об уничтожении имеет больше свидетельств в свою поддержку, но действительность не так проста. Гигантские млекопитающие в Северной Америке могли стать более уязвимы для охотников из-за стресса, связанного с резкой переменой климата к более сухому и жаркому около 11,000-12,000 лет назад.

6. Quoted in Flannery, The Future Eaters, стр. 177.

7. C. Darwin, The Voyage of the Beagle (New York: стр. F. Collier and Son, 1969), стр. 405.

8. R. L. Carlson, The Far West, in Early Man in the New World, под ред. R. Shuder, Jr. (Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1983), стр. 93.

9. R. G. Matson и C. Coupland, The Prehistory of the Northwest Coast (New York: Academic Press, 1995), стр. 56.

10. Matson and Coupland, The Prehistory of the Northwest Coast, стр. 76, 79, 80, и 81.

11. R. F. Schalk, Land Use and Organizational Complexity Among Foragers of Northeastern North America, in Affluent Foragers, под ред. S. Koyama и D. H. Thomas, Senri, Osaka, Japan, 1981, стр. 53-75; и R. F. Schalk, The Structure of an Anadromous Fish Resource, in For Theory Building in Archaeology: Essays on Faunal Remains, Aquatic Resources and Spatial Analysis and Systemic Modeling, под ред. L. R. Binibrd (New York: Academic Press, 1977), стр. 107-249.

12. K. R. Fladmark, British Columbia Prehistory (Ottawa 1 he Range Press, 1986).

13. Hadmark, British Columbia Prehistory.

14. P. Thomison, When Celilo Was Celilo An Analysis of Salmon Use During the Past 11,000 Years in the Columbia Plateau, M A thesis, Oregon State University, Corvalhs, 1987.

15. P.A. Berringer, Northwest Coast Traditional Salmon Fisheries Systems of Resource Utilization, M A thesis, University or British Columbia, Vancouver, 1982.

16. Fladmark, British Columbia Prehistory.

17. Matson и Coupland, The Prehistory of the Northwest Coast.

18. Matson и Coupland, The Prehistory of the Northwest Coast.

19. Matson и Coupland, The Prehistory of the Northwest Coast.

20. D.R. Croes и S. Hackenberger, Hoko River Archaeological Complex Modeling Prehistoric Northwest Coast Economic Evolution, in Research in Economic Anthropology, Supplement 3, под ред. B. L. Isaac (Greenwich CT JAI Press, 1988) стр. 19-85.

21. Две великолепные работы о древних экономиках даров M. Mauss, The Gift 7 he form and Reason far Exchange in Archaic Societies (New York W. W. Norton, 1990), and L. Hyde, The Gift Imagination and the Erotic Life of Property (New York Vintage Books, 1983).

22. W. Suttles, Coast Sahsh Essays (Seattle Umyersity of Washington Press, 1987) стр. 8.

23. Suttles, Coast Salish Essays, and D Cole and I Caikm, An Iron Hand upon the People The Law Against the Potlatch on the Northwest Coast (Seattle Um\ er sity or Washington Press, 1990).

24. Suttles, Coast Salish Essays Cole and Catkin, In Iron Hand upon the People and S Piddocke The Potlatdi System of the Southern Kwakiutl ANewPu spectrve, in Economic Anthropology Readings in Theory and Analysis, под ред. E. E. LeClair, Jr., и H. K. Schneider (New York Holt Rmehart и Winston, 1968).

25. C. Martin, Keepers of the Game Indian-Animal Relationships and the Fur Trade (Berkeley University of California Press, 1978), стр. 39, и Hyde, The Gift, стр. 26-27.

26. P. Drucker, Indians of the Northwest Coast (Garden City, NY Natural History Press, 1963), стр. 155, и Hyde The Gift, стр. 26-27.

27. Пример речи на Церемонии Первого Лосося взят из работы Erna Gunther, в которой она воспроизводит речь оратора Kwakiutl «Пловец, я благодарю тебя за то, что все ещё жив, ты пришел, чтобы мы смогли поиграть вместе моими рыболовными снастями, о Пловец. А сейчас иди домой и расскажи своим друзьям, как радостен был твой приход сюда, и пусть они приходят и приносят своё богатство, чтобы я смог получить немного от него, о Пловец; и забери мои болезни, друг, о великий Пловец» E. Gunther, An Analysis or the First Salmon Ceremony), American Anthropology 28 605-617(1926).

28.  Две работы Erna Gunther о Церемонии Первого Лосося дают её полное описание. Она была присуща племенам не только этого побережья Тихого океана. Айны, или северные японцы также добывали лосося, главным образом кету. Многие церемонии и мифы айнов близки к тем, что практиковались на тихоокеанском Северо-Западе, включая церемонию первого лова. Айны верили, что лосось принимает форму человека и живет в домах под морем. Король лососей позволяет своим людям подниматься в определенные реки, чтобы принести айнам дар лососевого мяса. Чтобы люди лосося возвращались, айны должны были обращаться с ними почтительно. Gunther An Analysis of the First Salmon Ceremony, E. Gunther, A Further Analysis of the First Salmon Ceremony, Anthropology 2(5) 129—173 (1928), и H. Watanabc, The Ainu Ecosystem Environment and Group Structure (Seattle University of Washington Press, 1972).

29. C. J. Cederholm, D. B. Houston, D. L. Cole, and W.J. Scarlett, Fate of Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Carcasses in Spawning Streams, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 46: 1347-1355 (1989); T. C. Kline, Jr., and four others, Recycling of Elements Transported Upstream by Runs of Pacific Salmon I Evidence in Sashin Creek, Southeastern Alaska, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 47: 136-144 (1990), R. E. Bilby, B. R. Fransen, и P. A. Bisson, Incorporation of Nitrogen and Carbon from Spawning Coho Salmon into the Trophic System of Small Streams Evidence from Stable Isotopes, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 53(1): 164-173 (1996); M. F. Willson и K. C. Halupka, Anadromous Fish as Keystone Species in Vertebrate Communities, Conservation Biology 9(3): 489-497(1995), and J. E. Richey, M. A. Perkins, и C. R. Goldman, Effects of Kokanee Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) Decomposition on the Ecology of a Subalpine Stream, Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 32: 817-820(1975).

30. H. Stewart, Indian Fishing Early Methods on the Northwest Coast (Seattle University of Washington Press, 1977).

31. J. C. Swan, The Northwest Coast or Three Years Residence in Washington Territory (Seattle University of Washington Press, 1857) Производители консервов ловили лосося на Колумбии неводами в конце 19-го века. Невода могли быть больше, для вытягивания сети могли использоваться лошади, но в основе лежала та же технология. В 1974 году я использовал эту технику, вылавливая весеннюю чавычу в низовьях реки Рог в рамках исследовательской программы. Каркас, держащий сеть, был закреплен на планшире лодки из стекловолокна вместо каноэ, и нам не приходилось грести, мы пользовались навесным мотором.

32. T. T. Waterman и A L Kroeber, The Kepel Fish Dam, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology (1934-1943) 35: 49-79 [New-York Kraus Reprint Corporation (reprint), 1965].

33. R. K. Nelson, A Conservation Ethic and Environment The Koyukon of Alaska in Resource Managers North American and Australian Hunter Gather s, под ред. N. M. Williams и E. S. Hunn, American Association for the Advancement of Science Selected Symposium 67, Boulder, CO, 1982, стр. 211-228.

34. A. F. McEvoy, The Fisherman's Problem: Ecology and Law in the California Fisheries, 1850-1980 (New York- Cambridge University Press, 1986).

35. C. A. Simcnstad, J. A. Estes, и K. W. Kenyon, Aleuts, Sea Otters, and Alternate Stable-State Communities, Science 200(28): 403-411 (1978).

36. MtEvoy, The Fisherman's Problem.

37. Случаи голодания, особенно среди северных племен, видимо, отражали естественные колебания размеров лососёвых стад. Однако, нельзя исключать, что эти истории – эхо прежнего опыта и ошибок, внесших свой вклад в создание устойчивой экономики. Пример смотрите у Piddocke, The Potlatch System of the Southern Kwakiutl.

38. Gunthcr, A Further Analysis of the Fitst Salmon Ceremony,

39. Gunther, A Furthet Analysis of the Fitst Salmon Ceremony.

40. Martin, Keepers of the Game.

41. M. G. Beck, Shamans and Kushtakas: North Coast Tales of the Supernatural (Anchorage: Alaska Northwest Books, 1991).

 

 

Глава 3

1. Дискуссию о жизнеспособных и нежизнеспособных стадах лососей смотрите в Salmon and Steelhead Advisory Commission, A New Management Structure for Anadromou; Salmon and Steelhead Resources and Fisheries of the Washington and Columbia River Conservation Areas, National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle. 1984. Дискуссию о намеренном уничтожении «нежизнеспособного» дикого лосося смотрите у S. Wright, Fishery Management of Wild Salmon Stocks to Prevent Extinction, Fisheries 5: 3—4 (1993).

2. W. G. Robbins, Landscapes of Promise: The Oregon Story, 1800-1940 (Seattle University of Washington Press, 1997).

3. J. R. McGoodwin, Crisis in the World's Fisheries: People, Problems, and Poicies (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1990).

4. A. F. McEvoy, The Fisherman's Problem: Ecology and Law in the California Fisheries, 1850-1980 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986); and G. Hardin, The Tragedy of the Commons, Science 192: 1243-1248 (1968).

5. S. P. Hays, The Response to Industrialism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957); см. также W. G. Robbins, Colony and Empire: The Capitalist Transformation of the American West (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1994).

6. Oregon Business Council, A New Vision for Pacific Salmon, Portland, 1996.

7. McEvoy, The Fisherman's Problem.

8. J. A. Lichatowich, Evaluating the Performance of Salmon Management Institutions: The Importance of Performance Measures, Temporal Scales and Production Cycles, m Pacific Salmon and Their Ecosystems: Status and Future Options, под ред. D. J. Stouder, P. A. Bisson и R. J. Naiman (New York: Chapman and Hall, 1997), стр. 69-87.

9. McEvoy, The Fisherman's Problem.

 

Глава 4

1. G. E. Moulton, The Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, July 28-November 1, 1805, volume 5 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1989), стр. 74.

2. Moulton, The Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, стр. 71-83.

3. Moulton, The Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, стр. 71-83.

4. J. K. Munford, John Ledyard's Journal of Captain Cook's Last Voyage (Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 1963), стр. 70.

5. R- Fisher, Contact and Conflict: Indian-European Relations in British Columbia, 1774-1890 (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1992).

6. J. Nisbet, Sources of the River: Tracking David Thompson across Western North America (Seattle: Sasquatch Books, 1994), стр. 76.

7. C. F.Wilkinson, Crossing the Next Meridian: Land, Water, and the Future of the West (Washington, DC: Island Press, 1992), стр. 17.

8. J. R. Gibson, Farming the Frontier: The Agricultural Opening of the Oregon Country, 1786 to 1846 (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1985).

9. Cited in R. Bunting, The Pacific Raincoast: Environment and Culture in an American Eden, 1778-1900 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1997), стр. 32.

10. D. R. Johnson and D. H. Chance, Presettlement Overharvest of Upper Columbia River Beaver Populations, Canadian Journal of Zoology 52: 1519-1521 (1974).

11. C. H. Carey, A General History of Oregon (Portland, OR: Binford and Mnrt, 1971).

12. R. J. Naiman, J. M. Melillo, and J. E. Hobbie, Ecosystem Alteration of Boreal Forest Streams by Beaver (Castor canadensis), Ecology 67(5): 1254—1269 (1986); см. также Gibson, Farming the Frontier.

13. National Research Council, Upstream: Salmon and Society in the Pacific Northwest (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1996).

14. Naiman et al., Ecosystem Alteration of Boreal Forest Streams by Beaver; and R. J. Naiman, C. A. Johnston, and J. C. Kelley, Alteration of North American Streams by Beaver: The Structure and Dynamics of Streams Are Changing as Beaver Recolonize Their Historic Habitat, Bioscience 38(11): 753-762 (1988).

15. National Research Council, Upstream.

16. C. Huntington, W. Nehlsen, and J. Bowers, Healthy Native Stocks of Native Salmonids in the Pacific Northwest and California, Oregon Trout, Portland, 1994.

17. G. Ontko, Thunder over the Ochoco: The Gathering Storm, volume 1 (Bend, OR: Maverick Publications, 1993).

18. Интервью с Эррол Клэр, отставным работником департамента Рыбы и Дичи Орегона, апрель 3, 1997.

19. T. E. Nickelson и три соавтора, Seasonal Changes in Habitat Use by Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in Oregon Coastal Streams, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49: 783-789 (1992).

20. A. F. McEvoy, "The Fishermans Problem: Ecology and Law in the California Fisheries 1850-1980 (New York Cambridge University Press, 1986).

21. McEvoy, The Fisherman's Problem, стр . 84.

22. California Division of Fish and Game, Thirtieth Biennial Report 1926-1928, Sacramento, 1928.

23. W. Moffet and S. H. Smith, Biological Investigations of the Fishery Resources of California, Special Scientific Report 12, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC, 1950.

24. H. Oliver Gold and Cattle Country (Portland, OR: Binford and Mort, 1967); D. Johansen и C. Gates, Empire of the Columbia (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1957).

25. C. Rivers , History of the Rogue River Fisheries Черновая рукопись не установленной даты об истории лова тихоокеанского лосося на реке Рог, Орегон. Oregon Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Portland.

26. Oregon State Board of Fish Commissioners, Second Report to the Governor Salem, 1888, стр. 15, см. также Oregon Department of Fisheries, Annual Report to the Governor, Salern, 1903, стр. 16.

27. Oregon State Board of Fish Commissioners, Fourth Annual Report, Salem 1890, стр. 19.

28. H. Oliver, Gold and Cattle Country, стр. 30.

29. J. Leethem, The Western Gold Dredge Company of John Day, Oregon, Oregon Geology 41(6): 91-95(1979).

30. J. C. Swan, The Northwest Coast or Three Years' Residence in Washington Territory (Seattle University of Washington Press, 1857).

31. J. Crawford, First Annual Report of the Washington State Fish Commissioner, Olympia, 1890.

32. L. Stone, Report of Operations at the Salmon-Hatching Station on the Clackamas River, Oregon, in 1877, Report of the U. S. Fish Commissioner for 1877, Washington, DC, 1879.

33. S. Johnson, Freshwater Environmental Problems and Coho Production in Oregon, Information Report 84-11, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Corvallis, 1984.

34. R. Bunting, Abundance and the Forests of the Douglas-fit Bioregion, 1840 to 1920, Environmental History Review 18(4) 41-62 (1994).

35. T. Cox, Mills and Markets (Seattle University of Washington Press, 1974); см. также S Holbrook, The Columbia (New York Rinehart 1956).

36. Cox, Mills and Markets.

37. A. Beckman, Swtft Flows the River (Coos Bay, OR: Arago Books, 1970); и Cox, Mills and Markets.

38. H. Wendler and G. Deschamps, Logging Dams on Coastal Washington Streams, Washington Department of Fisheries, Fisheries Research Papers 1 (3): 27-38 (1955).

39. Wendler and Deschamps, Logging Dams on Coastal Washington Streams.

40. N. Langston, Forest Dreams Forest Nightmares (Seattle University of Washington Press, 1995); Wendler and Deschamps, Logging Dams on Coastal Washington Streams; Beckman, Swift Flows the River; и J. R. Sedell and K. J. Luchessa, Using the Historical Record as an Aid to Salmonid Habitat Enhancement, in Symposium on Acquisition and Utilization of Aquatic Habitat Inventory Information, October 23-28, 1981, под ред. N B Armantrout (Portland OR: American Fisheries Society, Western Division, 1982) стр. 210-223.

41. J. Lichatowich, Habitat Alteration and Changes in Abundance of Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch} and Chinook (O. tshawytscha) Salmon in Oregons Coastal Streams in Proceedings of the National Workshop on Effects of Habitat Alteration on Salmonid Stocks, под ред. C. D. Levings, L. B. Holtby, and M. A. Henderson, Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 105, Ottawa, 1989, стр. 92-99.

42. Beckman, Swift Flows the River.

43. P. Benner, Historical Reconstruction of Coquille River and Surrounding Landscape, in Near Coastal Waters National Pilot Project The Coquille River Oregon Action Plan for Oregon Coastal Watersheds, Estuary and Ocean Waters, 1988-1991, Grant X-000382-1, Prepared by the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality for the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1991; Sedell and Luchessa Using the Historical Record as an Aid to Salmonid Habitat Enhancement, and Swan, The Northwest Coast Swan gives a firsthand account of die amount of debris in undisturbed rivers around 1850.

44. R. Schoettler, Sixty-second Annual Report of the Washington Department of Fisheries, Olympia, 1953.

45. Sedell and Luchessa, Using the Historical Record.

46. Bunting, The Pacific Raincoast.

47. M. A. Grainger, Woodsmen of the West (Toronto McClelland and Stewart, 1964).

48. Sedell and Luchessa, Using the Historical Record.

49. B. J. Bradbury, J. Brenneman, and C. Hosticka Report of the Interim Task Force on Forest Practices, State of Oregon, Salem, 1986.

50. J. Brinckman, U. S. Salmon Plan Would Be Ruinous, Forestry Officials, Companies Say, Oregonian (Portland), March 5, 1998, стр. Dl.

51. Bunting, The Pacific Raincoast.

52. D. Ferguson and N. Ferguson, Sacred Cows at the Public Trough (Bend, OR: Maverick Publications, 1983).

53. W. Platts, Livestock Grazing, American Fisheries Society Special Publication 19: 389-423 (1991).

54. Oliver, Gold and Cattle Country.

55. A. McGregor, Counting Sheep. From Open Range to Agribusiness on the Columbia Plateau (Seattle; University of Washington Press, 1982).

56. Ferguson and Ferguson, Sacred Caws at the Public Trough.

57. J. Oliphant, The Cattle Trade from the Far Northwest to Montana, Agricultural History 6: 1 (1932).

58. G. Buckley, Desertification of Camp Creek Drainage in Central Oregon, 1826-1905, M. S. thesis, University of Oregon, Eugene, 1992.

59. Buckley, Desertification of Camp Creek.

60. Buckley, Desertification of Camp Creek.

61. Wilkinson, Crossing the Next Meridian.

62. J.Kuhler, A History of Agriculture in the Yakima Valley Washington, from 1880 to 1900, M.S. thesis, University of Washington, Seattle, 1940.

63. W. Rowley, U.S. Forest Service Grazing and Rangelands A History (College Station. Texas A&M University Press, 1985).

64. H. Rees, Shaniko From Wool Capital to Ghost Town (Portland, OR: Binford and Mort, 1982).

65. Rowley, US. Forest Service Grazing and Rangelands.

66. J. Smith, Retrospective Analysis of Changes in Stream and Riparian Habitat Characteristics Between 1935 and 1990 in Two Eastern Cascade Stream; M. S. thesis, University of Washington, Seattle, 1993.

67. F. Plummet, Forest Conditions in the Cascade Range, Washington between the Washington and Mount Rainier Forest Reserves, U S. Geological Survey, Washington, DC, 1902.

68. S. P. Hays, Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency The Progressive Consent non Movement, 1890-1920 (New-York: Atheneum Tress, 1969).

69. R. Wissmar and five others, A History of Resource Use and Disturbance in the Riverine Basins of Eastern Oregon and Washington (Early, 1880s-1990s), Northwest Science 69, Special Issue (1994).

70. S. P. Hays, Beauty, Health and Permanence- Environmental Politic in the United States, 1955-1985 (New York Cambridge University Press, 1987).

71. Ferguson and Ferguson, Sacred Cow, at the Public Trough.

72. Интервью с Гомером Кэмпбеллом, апрель 1995. Сорок лет спустя сыну Лестера Кэмпбелла Гомеру, биологу комиссии Дичи Орегона, поручена работа по уменьшению потерь молоди лосося в ирригационных каналах на северо-востоке Орегона.

73. R. Van Cleve and R. Ting, The Condition of Salmon Stocks in the John Day Umatilla, Walla Walla, Grande Ronde, and Imnaha Rivers as Reported by Various Fisheries Agencies, Department of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, I960, and Western Editorial on Important Fishery Questions, Pacific Fisherman 2(6): (1904).

74. D. L. Bottom, To Till the Water A History of Ideas in Fisheries Conservation in Pacific Salmon and Their Ecosystems Status and Future Options, под ред. D. J. Stouder, P. A. Bisson, и R. J.Naiman (New York: Chapman and Hall, 1997), стр. 569-597.

75. D. Worster, Nature's Economy: A History of Ecological Ideas (New York Cambridge University Press, 1977).

76. C. Scofield, The Settlement of Irrigated Lands, V S. Department of Agriculture Yearbook, 1912, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1912, стр. 483—494; см. также Johansen and Gates, Empire of the Columbia.

77. W. Nehlsen, Historical Salmon Runs of the Upper Deschutes and Their Environments, Report to Portland General Electric Company, Portland, OR, 1993.

78. Oregon State Board of Fish Commissioners, Fourth Annual Report, Salem, 1890, стр. 21.

79. Washington State Fish Commissioner, Fourteenth and Fifteenth Annual Reports of the Washington Department of Fisheries, Seattle, 1904.

80. J. Wales, California's Fish Screen Program, California Fish and Game 34 (2): 45-51 (1948).

81. California Division of Fish and Game, Thirty-first Biennial Report, Sacramento, 1930.

82. W. D. Lyman, History of the Yakima Valley, Washington (S. J. Clarke Publishing Company, 1919).

83. G. Fite, The Farmer's Frontier, 1865-1900 (New York Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1966).

84. D. Worster, Rivers of Empire (New York Pantheon Books, 1985).

85. W. D Rowley, Reclaiming the And West The Career of Francis G. Newlands (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1996).

86. Hays, Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency.

87. Hays, Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency.

88. Federal Reclamation Bureau Arraigned for Ignoring State Fishway Laws, Pacific Fisherman 29(4). (1931).

89. B. E. Stoutemyer, письмо к Henry O'Mallev, Commissioner of Fisheries, January 28, 1931, National Archives, Washington, DC, Record Group 22.

90. Пример смотрите в Washington State Fish Commissioner, Fourteenth and Fifteenth Annual Reports, см. также H. Van Dusen, Annual Report of the Oregon Department of Fisheries, Salem, 1903.

91. Loss of Salmon Fry in Irrigation, Pacific Fisherman 18(2): (1920).

92. R. Cogwill, Notes on salmon losses in irrigation ditches, 1930, Cogwill records, Oregon Historical Society, Portland, OR.

93. F. Davidson, The Development of Irrigation in the Yakima River Basin and Its Effect on the Migratory Fish Population m the River, Manuscript report, Ephrata,WA, 1965.

94. M. R. Delarm, E. Wold, and R. Z. Smith, Columbia River Fisheries Development Program Annual Report for FY 1986, NOAA Technical Memorandum, NMFS F/NWR-21, Seattle, 1987.

95. National Research Council, Upstream.

96. D. Lavier, Major Dams on Columbia River and Tributaries Investigative Reports of Columbia River Fisheries Project, Pacific Northwest Regional Commission Portland, OR 1976.

97. R. Dunfield, Atlantic Salmon in the History of North America Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 80, Ottawa, 1985.

98. Johnson, Freshwater Environmental Problems and Coho Production.

99. B. Brown Mountain in the Clouds A Search for the Wild Salmon (New York Simon and Schuster, 1982).

100. Rivers, History of the Rogue River Fisheries; and G. Dodds The Salmon King of Oregon R. D. Hume and the Pacific Fisheries (Chapel Hill University of North Carolina Press, 1959).

101. Rivers, History of the Rogue River Fisheries.

102. Rivers, History of the Rogue River Fisheries.

103. Oregon Fish Commission, Biennial Report of the Fish Commission of the State of Oregon for 1931 and 1932, Salem, 1933.

104. L. A. Fulton, Spawning Areas and Abundance of Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the Columbia River Basin—Past and Present Special Scientific Report Fisheries No 571, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Washington, DC, 1968.

105. R. R. Miller and R. G. Miller, The Contribution of the Columbia River System to the Fish Fauna of Nevada Five Species Unrecorded from the State, Copeia 3:174-187(1948).

 

Глава 5

1. J. R. Gibson, Farming the Frontier The Agricultural Opening of the Oregon Country, 1786 to 1846 (Seattle University of Washington Press, 1985) стр. 25. Gabriel Franchere отмечал слабительное действие лососины и в сообщении о своем путешествии на Северо-Запад 1811-1814 гг. Смотрите G. Franchere A Voyage to the Northwest Coast of North America (New York Citadel Press, 1968) стр. 179.

2. J. A. Craig and R. L. Hacker The History and Development of the Fisheries of the Columbia River, Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries 49(32): 133-216 (1940).

3. Gibson, Farming the Frontier стр. 24.

4. Gibson, Farming the Frontier стр. 48.

5. R. T. Tetlow and G. J. Barbey, Barbey The Story of a Pioneer Columbia River Salmon Packer (Portland, OR: Binford and Mort, 1990) стр. 3.

6. M. V. Hayden, History of the Salmon Industry in the Pacific Northwest M. S. thesis, University of Oregon, Eugene, 1930; см. также Craig and Hacker, The History and Development of the Fisheries of the Columbia River, см. также S. E. Morrison, New England and the Opening of the Columbia River Salmon Trade, Oregon Historical Quarterly 28(2): 111-132 (1927).

7. Craig and Hacker, The History and Development of the Fisheries of the Columbia River.

8. D. B. DeLoach, The Salmon Canning Industry Oregon State College Economic Studies No. 1, Corvallis, 1939, стр. 9.

9. A. Lufkin (ed.), California's Salmon and Steelhead The Struggle to Restore an Imperiled Resource (Berkeley University of California Press, 1991), см. также G. H. Clark, Sacramento - San Joaquin Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) Fishery of California Fish Bulletin No 17, California Division of Fish and Game, Sacramento 1929.

10. A. F. McEvoy, The Fishermans Problem: Ecology and Law in the California Fisheries, 1850-1980 (New York Cambridge University Press, 1986).

11. Craig and Hacker, The History and Development of the Fisheries of the Columbia River, стр. 150.

12. E. C. May, The Canning Clan A Pageant of Pioneering Americans (New York Macmillan, 1937).

13. R. D. Hume, Salmon of the Pacific Coast (San Francisco Schmidt Label & Lithographic Company, 1893).

14. May, The Canning Clan.

15. R. D. Hume, History of the Salmon Industry of the Pacific Pacific Fisherman 1: 9(1903).

16. Hume, History of the Salmon Industry of the Pacific.

17. Hayden, History. of the Salmon Industry m the Pacific Northwest, стр. 10.

18. DeLoach, The Salmon Canning Industry стр. 15.

19. G. Meggs, Salmon The Decline of the British Columbia Fishery (Vancouver BC Douglas and McIntyre, 1991).

20. D. A. Stacey, Sockeye and Tinplate Technological Change in the Fraser River Canning Industry 1871-1912, British Columbia Provincial Museum Heritage Record No. 15, Victoria, 1982, стр. 2.

21. W.G. Robbins, Colony and Empire The Capitalist Transformation of the American West (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1994), стр. 63.

22. J. N. Cobb, Pacific Salmon Fisheries, Appendix 13 to the Report of the U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1930, Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 1092, Washington, DC, 1930.

23. Stacey, Sockeye and Tinplate, см. также Cobb, Pacific Salmon Fisheries.

24. D. S. Jordan and C. H. Gilbert, The Salmon Fishing and Canning Interests of the Pacific Coast, in The Fisheries and Fishing Industry of the United States, sec 5, History and Methods of the Fisheries, volume I, part 13, под ред. G. B. Goode, Washington, DC, 1887, стр. 729-751; и M. McDonald, The Salmon Fisheries of the Columbia Basin, Bulletin of the US Fish Commission, 14: 153-167(1895).

25. C. L. Smith, Salmon Fishers of the Columbia (Corvallis Oregon State University Press, 1979).

26. Fourth Annual Salmon Day Celebrated, Pacific Fisherman 15(3): 1 (1916).

27. Fourth Annual Salmon Day, Pacific Fisherman.

28. Fourth Annual Salmon Day, Pacific Fisherman.

29. D. Newell, The Development of the Pacific Salmon-Canning Industry: A Grown Man's Game (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1989).

30. H. E. Gregory and K. Barnes, North Pacific Fisheries with Special Reference to Pacific Salmon, Studies of the Pacific No. 3, American Council Institute of Pacific Relations, New York, 1939, стр. 93-96.

31. G. Dodds, The Salmon King of Oregon: R.. D. Hume and the Pacific Fisheries (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1959).

32. «Закупорить» - термин рыбаков, использовавших в качестве орудий лова жаберные сети и невода; «закупорить» - значило поставить сеть прямо перед кем-то, тем самым лишая его улова.

33. A. Netboy, The Salmon: Their Fight for Survival (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1974), стр. 277; см. также Tetlow and Barbey, Barbey: The Story of a Pioneer Columbia River Salmon Packer, стр. 17; and H. W. McKervill, The Salmon People: The Story of Canada's West Coast Salmon Fishing Industry (Sidney, EC: Gray's Publishing, 1967), стр. 58.

34. M. F. McKeown, The Trait Led North: Mont Hawthorne's Story (New York: Macmillan, 1949), стр. 13.

35. W. Ricker, Effects of the Fishery and of Obstacles to Migration on the Abundance of Fraser River Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences No. 1522, Nanaimo. BC, 1987.

36. Ricker, Effects of the Fishery and of Obstacles to Migration.

37. Cited in P. Thompson, T. Wailey, and T. Lummis, Living the Fishing (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1983).

38. I. Martin, Legacy and Testament: The Story of the Columbia River Gillnetters (Pullman: Washington State University Press, 1994).

39. Smith, Salmon Fishers of the Columbia, стр. 28.

40. Robbins, Colony and Empire, стр.180.

41. Interview with A. L. Flesher, retired fisherman, April 20, 1995, Newport, OR.

42. E. Beard, Biography, Oregon Historical Society, Manuscript 1509, Portland.

43. Hayden, History of the Salmon Industry, стр. 45.

44. Martin, Legacy and Testament.

45. McEvoy, The Fisherman's Problem, стр. 96.

46. Jordan and Gilbert, The Salmon Fishing and Canning Interests, стр. 736.

47. Smith, Salmon Fishers of the Columbia, стр. 25.

48. О дискриминации китайских рыбаков в Калифорнии смотри McEvoy, The Fisherman ' s Problem . Smith также рассказывает о китайских рыбаках и о других этнических группах рыбаков в Salmon Fishers of the Columbia ; Meggs раскрывает проблемы индейских и японских рыбаков лосося в Британской Колумбии в Salmon : The Decline of the British Columbia Fishery . Сообщения о нападении на австрийских рыбаков, промышлявших кошельковыми неводами, содержались в Washington State Fish Commissioner, Twenty-eighth and Twenty-ninth Annual Reports, Olympia, 1920. см. также Aliens Threaten the Salmon Industry, Oregon Journal (Portland), August 8, 1919, стр. 10. Дискуссию об индейском рыбном промысле см. Washington State Senate, Minutes of the Washington State Columbia River Salmon Interim Committee, October 20, 1943.

49. B. Leibhardt, Law, Environment, and Social Change in the Columbia River Basin: The Yakima Indian Nation as a Case Study, 1840-1933, Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 1990.

50. American Friends Service Committee, Uncommon Controversy (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1970), стр. 41.

51. McEvoy, The Fisherman's Problem.

52. M. A. Baumhoff, Ecological Determinants of Aboriginal California Populations (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1963).

53. McEvoy, The Fisherman's Problem, стр. 34—35 и 51—60.

54. McEvoy, The Fisherman's Problem, стр. 58-60; и Dodds, The Salmon King of Oregon, стр. 174-179.

55. Краткую сводку различных сообщений об уменьшении лосося в Якиме смотри у J. A. Lichatowich and L. E. Mobrand, Analysis of Chinook Salmon in the Columbia River from an Ecosystem Perspective, Bonneville Power Administration, DOE/BP-23105-2, Portland, OR, 1995, стр. 36.

56. Leibhardt, Law, Environment, and Social Change.

57. Leibhardt, Law, Environment, and Social Change.

58. Leibhardt, Law, Environment, and Social Change, стр. 346.

59. Leibhardt, Law, Environment, and Social Change, стр. 36l.

60. T. Roosevelt, Eighth Annual Message, in The State of the Union Messages of the Presidents, 1790-1966, volume III, под ред. F. Israel (New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1967).

61. H. McAllister. Annual Report of the Oregon Department of Fisheries, Portland, 1908.

62. Цитата из McAllister, Annual Report of the Oregon Department of Fisheries.

63. S. G. Kohlstedt, The Origins of Natural Science in America: The Essays of George Brown Goode (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1991), стр. 164-165.

64. J. E Reiger, American Sportsmen and the Origins of Conservation (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1986).

65. G. B. Goode. The Status of the U.S. Fish Commission in 1884, part XII: Report of the Commissioner for 1884, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1886.

66. C. Cranston, The Fish and Game Laws of Oregon, Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, Forty-second Annual Meeting, September 3-5, 1912, Denver (Washington, DC, 1913), стр. 75-87.

67. J. Crutchfield and G. Pontecorvo, The Pacific Salmon Fisheries: A Study of Irrational Management (Baltimore: Resources for the Future/Johns Hopkins Press, 1969); и B. Mace, Chronological History of Fish and Wildlife Administration in Oregon, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Portland, 1960.

68. H. O. Wendler, Regulation of Commercial Fishing Gear and Seasons on the Columbia River from 1859 to 1963, Washington Department of Fisheries, Fisheries Research Papers 2(4): 19-31 (1966).

69. J Chirred:, Summary Coastal River Regulations—1878-1950, Unpublished manuscript, Oregon Fish Commission, Portland, 1953; Crutchfield and Pontecorvo, The Pacific Salmon Fisheries; and Meggs, Salmon The Decline of the British Columbia Fishery, см. также R. Cooley, Politics and Conservation The Decline of the Alaska Salmon (New York: Harper and Row, 1963).

70. Oregon State Board of Fish Commissioners, Second Report to the Governor Salem, 1888.

71. J. L. Riseland, Twenty-second and Twenty-third Annual Reports of the State Fish Commissioner to the Governor of the State of Washington, Washington Department of Fisheries and Game, Olympia, 1912.

72. Stacey, Sockeye and Tinplate.

73. Smith, Salmon Fishers of the Columbia.

74. Jordan and Gilbert, The Salmon fishing and Canning Interests.

75. M. McDonald, The Salmon Fisheries of the Columbia Basin.

76. W. Rich, The Salmon Runs in the Columbia River in 1938, Fishery Bulletin No. 37, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC, 1942.

77. Wendler, Regulation of Commercial Fishing Gear and Seasons on the Columbia River.

78. Dodds, The Salmon King of Oregon, стр. 145.

79. Senator I. H. Bingham, Letter to H G. Van Dusen, April 26, 1909, Oregon Historical Society Archives, Portland, Warren Packing Company, Record 1141, Box 1; см. также Master Fish Warden Van Dusen Dismissed, Oregon Journal (Portland), March 26, 1908, Oregon Historical Society Archives, Seufert Canning Company, Record 1102.

80. H. G. Van Dusen, Letter to Senator 1. H. Bingham, April 19, 1909, Oregon Historical Society Archives, Portland, Warren Packing Company, Record 1141, Box 1.

81. Senator 1. H Bingham, Letter to H. G. Van Dusen, April 26, 1909.

82. Vanity of Salmon Theories (editorial), Oregonian (Portland), November 13, 1906.

83. Rich, Salmon Runs of the Columbia River in 1938.

84. D. Johnson, W. Chapman, and R. Schoning, The Effects on Salmon Populations of the Partial Elimination of Fixed Fishing Gear on the Columbia River in 1935, Contribution No. 11, Oregon Fish Commission, Portland, 1948.

85. Increasing Use of Gasoline engines in Fishing Industry, Pacific Fisherman 5(6): (1906); см. также Sixty Years Ago: When a Fish Boat Engine Was a Dream of Pioneers, Pacific Fisherman 56(13): (1958).

86. F. Caldwell, Pacific Trailer (Anchorage: Alaska Northwest Publishing Company, 1978).

87. Cobb, Pacific Salmon Fisheries.

88. Martin, Legacy and Testament.

89. E. Smith, The Taking of Immature Salmon in Waters of the State of Washington, Washington Department of Fisheries, Olympia, 1920.

90. D. Milne, Recent British Columbia Spring and Coho Salmon Tagging Experiments and a Comparison with. Those Conducted from 1925 to 1930, Bulletin No. 113, Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Ottawa, 1957.

91. California Fish and Game Commission, Twenty-sixth Biennial Report, Sacramento, 1921; and also California Fish and Game Commission, Twenty-seventh Biennial Report, Sacramento, 1923.

92. Smith, The Taking of Immature Salmon.

93. Washington State Fisheries Board, Meeting of Fisheries Executives of the Pacific Coast, Seattle, March 16-17, 1925, General stacks, Fisheries Library, University of Washington, Seattle.

94. Salmon Fisheries in Oregon, Qregonian (Portland), March 3, 1875.

95. Remonstrance, Oregoman (Portland), January 1, 1877.

 

Глава 6

1. International Fisheries Exhibition, An Illustrated Description of the Electric Light Machinery in The Exhibition, with Elementary Notes on the Production of Electric Currents (London: William Clowes and Sons, 1883).

2. H. R. MacCrimmon, The Beginning of Salmon Culture in Canada, Canadian Geographical Journal 71(5): 96-103 (1965).

3. International Fisheries Exhibition, Fisheries Exibition Literature, volume VI, Conferences, part III (London: William Clowes and Sons, 1883).

4. W. H. Fry, Complete Treatise on Artificial Ftsh-Breeding (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1854) Эта первая книга об искусственном разведении, опубликованная в США описывала ранние европейские работы по рыбоводству; см. также G. B. Goode, Pisciculture, in The Encyclopaedia Britannica, volume 19 (Chicago: Werner Company, 1898).

5. S. G. Kohlstedt, The Origins of Natural Science in America The Essays of George Brown Goode (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1991); см. также L. White, Jr., The Historical Roots of Our Ecologic Crisis, Science 155(3767): 1203-1206 (1967).

6. Fry, Complete Treatise on Artificial Fish-Breeding, стр. 27.

7. Например, смотрите эти две статьи в январско-февральском выпуске Fisheries 1992 года. J. Martin, J. Webster, и G. Edwards, Hatchery and Wild Stocks: Are They Compatible? и R. Hilborn, Hatcheries and the Future of Salmon in the Northwest, Fisheries 17(1): 4-8 (1992).

8. Fry, Complete Treatise on Artificial Fish-Breeding, стр. 11; также Fish-culture in America, Harper's New Monthly Magazine 37(222): 721-739 (1868).

9. Independent Scientific Group, Return to the River: Restoration of Salmonid Fishes in the Columbia River Ecosystem, Northwest Power Planning Council, Portland, OR, 1996; and National Research Council, Upstream Salmon and Society in the Pacific Northwest (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1996).

10. R. McIntosh, The Background of Ecology Concept and Theory (New York Cambridge Studies m Ecology, Cambridge University Press, 1985), and D. I. Bottom, To Till the Water A History of Ideas in Fisheries Conservation, in Pacific Salmon and Their Ecosystems Status and Future Options, под ред. D. J. Stouder, P. A. Bisson, и R. J. Naiman (New York Chapman and Hall 1997), стр. 569-597.

11. Fry, Complete Treatise on Artificial Fish-Breeding, стр. 21-22.

12. E. Clark, The Oysters of Locmariaquer (New York Harper Perennial, 1992), стр. 86—87, см. также Harper} New Monthly Magazine, Fish-culture in America.

13. Fry, Complete Treatise on Artificial Fish Breeding, стр. 187.

14. T. Steinberg, Nature Incorporated Industrialization and the Waters of New England (New York Cambridge University Press 1991), стр. 167.

15. Harpers New Monthly Magazine Fish-culture in America, стр. 738.

16. Steinberg Nature Incorporated, стр. 186—187.

17. G. P. Marsh, Artificial Propagation of Fish Report Made under the Legislative Authority of Vermont (Burlington VT Free Press Printing 1857).

18. L. Stone, Some Brief Reminiscences of the Early Days of Fish-Culture in the United States, Bulletin of the US Fish Commission 25(22): 338 (1897).

19. D.C. Allard, Jr., Spencer Fullerton Baird and the US Fish Commission (New York Arno Press, 1978).

20. Allard, Spencer Fullerton Baird, см. также Steinberg, Nature Incorporated.

21. W. T. Bower, History of the American Fisheries Society, Transactions of the American Fisheries Society Fortieth Annual Meeting, September 27—29, 1910 (Washington, DC, 1911).

22. U. S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries, Report of the Commissioner for 1872 and 1873, part II